Foraging decisions in nonhuman animals often require choosing between small, immediate food rewards and larger, more delayed rewards. Faced with such choices, animals typically discount or devalue the future quite strongly. Although discounting studies often focus on delays to reward access, other temporal intervals contribute to foraging rate, and thus may potentially influence discounting lev...

Currently, many companies have used information technology as a medium to support the achievement of organizational goals and PT. Pelayaran Tamarin Samudra Tbk. Previously, this company had utilized in its team member attendance system, namely, by applying fingerprint device; tool was less effective efficient because type business carried out field, namely shipping. This study aims analyze disc...

An important topic in the evolution of language is the kinds of grammars that can be computed by humans and other animals. Fitch and Hauser (F&H; 2004) approached this question by assessing the ability of different species to learn 2 grammars, (AB) and AB. AB was taken to indicate a phrase structure grammar, eliciting a center-embedded pattern. (AB) indicates a grammar whose strings entail only...

Quantitative genetic theory specifies evolutionary expectations for morphological diversification by genetic drift in a monophyletic clade. If genetic drift is responsible for the evolutionary morphological diversification of a clade, patterns of within- and between-taxon morphological variance/covariance should be proportional. We tested for proportionality of within- and between-species crani...

The Yubikey is a small hardware device designed to authenticate a user against network-based services. Despite its widespread adoption (over a million devices have been shipped by Yubico to more than 20 000 customers including Google and Microsoft), the Yubikey protocols have received relatively little security analysis in the academic literature. In the first part of this paper, we give a form...

Recent studies have demonstrated the induced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules including E-selectin (also called endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule and intercellular adhesion molecule in actively involved mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Similar induction has been demonstrated in the colon of the Cotton-top tamar...