This paper argues that glossing is an essential stage in the borrowing of writing systems. I use the term “glossing” in a somewhat extended sense to refer to a process where a text in one language is prepared (annotated, marked) to be read in another. I argue that this process of “vernacular reading” – reading a text written in the script, orthography, lexicon and grammar of a more prestigious ...

Many states, or rather their leaders and officials, routinely violate the fundamental human rights of both their compatriots or outsiders. Faced with this depressing catalogue of abuses, the international community’s response of choice consists in imposing economic sanctions on wrongdoers. The relatively scant philosophical literature on the topic tackles primary sanctions where the sanctioning...

Drosophila melanogaster originated in tropical Africa but has achieved a cosmopolitan distribution in association with human habitation. Cosmopolitan populations of D. melanogaster are known to have reduced genetic variation, particularly on the X chromosome. However, the relative importance of population bottlenecks and selective sweeps in explaining this reduction is uncertain. We surveyed va...

We present a number of variously rearranged matrix plots of the 3, 107×3, 107 1995-2000 (asymmetric) intercounty migration table for the United States, principally in its bistochasticized form (all 3,107 row and column sums iteratively proportionally fitted to equal 1). In one set of plots, the counties are seriated on the bases of the subdominant (left and right) eigenvectors of the bistochast...

Despite the significance of diatoms in biomonitoring, many aspects of their biodiversity and geographical distribution are poorly understood. Recent evidence from molecular data has shown that traditional cosmopolitan and euryvalent morphospecies are often heterogeneous, containing cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. It is important to establish whether these more finely differentiated species a...

Abstract Within and Beyond Space. New Thinking of Cosmopolitan Education in Mirror German Japanese Philosophy This paper investigates the role space cosmopolitan education through a comparison philosophy, as represented by Kant, Watsuji. While Kant suggests that needs to be constructed connecting with actual spatial, geographical world, Watsuji, on other hand, indicates dynamic can achieved hol...