Electronic commerce as one of the most important of Innovation aspects in the process of doing business is used by many organizations and companies in the world. Cooperatives as the main part of the country's economy have fundamental role in improving and promoting of economic. Therefore, innovation methods and tools, new processes and perform business tasks such as e-commerce will play an i...

This paper presents several results of prediction-preserving reducibility with membership queries (pwm-reducibility) on formal languages. We mainly deal with two kinds of concept classes, simple CFGs and finite unions of regular pattern languages. For the former, we show that DNF formulas are pwm-reducible to CFGs that is sequential or that contains at most one nonterminal. For the latter, on t...

Article history: Received 5 August 2011 Received in revised form 31 August 2011 Accepted 7 September 2011 Available online 22 September 2011 The ‘monopoly face’ of unions suggests that the rent-seeking activities of unions discourage research and development investment and that the collective bargaining rules may restrict management flexibility, thus deterring innovations. On the other hand, th...

We investigate the determinants of US credit union capital-to-assets ratios, before and after the implementation of the current capital adequacy regulatory framework in 2000. Capitalization varies pro-cyclically, and credit unions classified as adequately capitalized or below followed a faster adjustment path than well capitalized credit unions. Credit unions managed their capital more actively...

Trade unions have an ambiguous relationship with the use of temporary agency work. A firm’s employment of agency workers may be perceived as a replacement of directly employed workers or as way to curb union power, which trade unions would oppose. Alternatively, trade unions may encourage the (temporary) employment of agency workers in a firm, if they manage to bargain higher wages for their me...