The parallel-plate free-air ionization chambers are used for X-rays air-kerma rate standards at National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The diaphragms are used to free-air chambers to fix the air volume of ionizing region in chambers. It means that absolute air-kerma rates are defined for collimated x-ray beams, beca...

We used five analytical approaches to compare net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) from automated and manual static chambers in a peatland, and found the methods comparable. Once per week we sampled manually from 10 collars with a closed chamber system using a LiCor 6200 portable photosynthesis system, and simulated four photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels using shr...

Protective transport media have to be used to preserve Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens during their transit to the laboratory. In this study, a CO2- environment chamber, the Jembec chamber, was used for transport of clinical speciments requiring examination for gonococci. The survival of N. gonorrhoeae present in clinical speciments when placed in Amies charcoal transport medium was...

Successful growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium has been achieved by use of a specialized diffusion chamber technique. The cell-impermeable porous chambers were maintained in animals for periods up to 50 days with and without macrophages and LM cells. A generation time of 6 to 8 days was found for the acid-fast bacilli in chambers containing macrophages when maintained in the mouse. Also, cell-...

Denitrification is commonly measured using in situ benthic chambers or laboratory incubations of sediment cores. These techniques are similar in principle but differ considerably in cost and practicality. Despite widespread use of both techniques, it is uncertain whether they give comparable results. We compared cores and chambers for measuring fluxes (dissolved oxygen [DO], N2, NH4, NO3 and NO...

The Pre-Trial Chambers of the International Criminal Court have become critically important to its functioning. This Article identifies the trends that cut across the decisions of the ICC's Pre-Trial Chambers. It argues that they have taken a proactive approach to judicial decision-making, analing each legal and factual question raised rather than deferring or punting issues to the Trial Chambe...

-Two parallel-plate ionization chambers were projected, constructed and evauated for use in high energy electron beams. They were constructed using the two plastic materials recommended for clinical dosimetry protocols, i.e. acrylic and polystyrene. Both chambers have cylindrical shape with entrance windows in aluminized Mylar and they are open to the air. The acrylic chamber has a 2 mm air gap...

Over several years NPL has been developing a calibration service for electron beam radiotherapy. To test this service, a trial calibration of therapy level electron beam ionisation chambers was carried out in 1996, involving fourteen radiotherapy centres supplying a total of eighteen chambers and twelve electrometers. All chambers were either of the NACP 02 (Scanditronix) or Markus (PTW) type. ...