PURPOSE We assessed the incidence of and analyzed factors that may help prevent major complications and open conversion during laparoscopic nephrectomy at our institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all laparoscopic nephrectomies performed between August 1, 1999 and July 31, 2001. Data were stratified for nephrectomy type, intraoperative and postoperative complications...

Polybutadiene nanoparticles were synthesized via batch emulsion polymerization of butadiene in the presence of potassium persulfate, disproportionate rosinate potassium cation and t-dodecyl mercaptane as initiator, emulsifier and chain transfer agent, respectively. Polymerization reaction was performed at different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C). Conversion was measured at the various time int...

Currently, the most popular method of converting 24 frames per second (fps) film to 60 fields/s video is to repeat each odd-numbered frame for 3 fields and each even-numbered frame for 2 fields. This method is known as 3 : 2 pulldown and is an easy and inexpensive way to perform 24 fps to 60 fields/s frame-rate conversion. However, the 3 : 2 pulldown introduces artifacts, which are especially v...

Using linear wave theory, the rate at which energy is converted into internal gravity waves by the interaction of the barotropic tide with topography in an ocean is calculated. Bell’s formula for the conversion rate is extended to the case of an ocean of finite depth H with weak two-dimensional topography h(x, y) and arbitrary buoyancy frequency N(z). Approximate solutions are computed using th...

conclusions previous abdominal surgery, including previous colonic surgery, confers no added risk of conversion to an open operation, morbidity or mortality for patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. the operative time however is longer (30 minutes) for patients with previous colonic surgery. results out of 718 patients 476 had no previous abdominal surgery (group a), whilst 190 p...

Growth, feed conversion ratio and fillet composition of rainbow trout (initial weight of 9.99±0.109)were investigated in a 6x2 factorial design experiment employing two levels of digestible energy (DE) (2900 and 3500kcal.kg-1) and six feeding rates (1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%,5.0% of the body weight,(BW) day-1 and to satiation) for 60 days. Specific growth rate (SGR) was highest at 5.0% rati...

As an alternative to chromate conversion coatings, rare-earth coatings especially cerium, because of the low toxicity, have attracted considerable attention. Using dip immersion method, cerium-based conversion coating was deposited on aluminum 2024. Corrosion resistance was studied in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and surface ...

as an alternative to chromate conversion coatings, rare-earth coatings especially cerium, because of the low toxicity, have attracted considerable attention. using dip immersion method, cerium-based conversion coating was deposited on aluminum 2024. corrosion resistance was studied in 3.5 wt.% nacl solution using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and surface ...

Conversion between duplicated genes limits their independent evolution. Models in which conversion frequencies decrease as genes diverge are examined to determine conditions under which genes can "escape" further conversion and hence escape from a gene family. A review of results from various recombination systems suggests two classes of sequence-dependence models: (1) the "k-hit" model in whic...