For over 16 years, the Precipitation Radar of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite detected the three-dimensional structure of significantly precipitating clouds in the tropics and subtropics. This paper reviews and synthesizes studies using the TRMM radar data to present a global picture of the variation of convection throughout low latitudes. The multiyear data set shows c...

Europa’s icy surface displays numerous small (530 km-diameter) pits, spots, and uplifts with topography of 100-300 m [1-5]. Although several formation models exist for these features, the most popular is that they result from deformation of the lithosphere by convection in the underlying ice [1,2,6,7,13]. However, it is unclear whether convection can produce topography of the appropriate wavele...

In this paper we demonstrate how pulsating white dwarfs can be used as an astrophysical laboratory for empirically constraining convection in these stars. We do this using a technique for fitting observed nonsinusoidal light curves, which allows us to recover the thermal response timescale of the convection zone (its “depth”) as well as how this timescale changes as a function of effective temp...

We rigorously justify the infinite Prandtl number model of convection as the limit of the Boussinesq approximation to the Rayleigh-Bénard convection as the Prandtl number approaches infinity. This is a singular limit problem involving an initial layer.

There are two major organized cloud configurations in the vicinity of the equator. Where there is a small cross-equatorial surface pressure gradient, convection is close to the equator and is generally tied to the location of the lowest sea-level pressure (SLP) and warmest sea-surface temperature (SST), in agreement with arguments based upon simple thermodynamical considerations. However, when ...

The mixed convection heat transfer and fluid flow behaviors in a lid– driven square cavity filled with high Prandtl number fluids at low Reynolds number have been studied using Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method (TLBM). The LBM has built up on the D2Q9 model called the Lattice-BGK (Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook) model. The Lattice Boltzmann momentum and energy equations are considered simultaneously to s...

Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that antiangiogenic agents can decrease tumor vessel permeability and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in a process of vessel "normalization." The resulting normalized vasculature has more efficient perfusion, but little is known about how tumor IFP and interstitial fluid velocity (IFV) are affected by changes in transport properties of the vessels and i...

Data from the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar taken over two solar cycles (1979-2000) are examined to determine the average characteristics of the disturbance convection electric field in the midlatitude ionosphere. Radar azimuth scans provide a regular database of ionospheric plasma convection observations spanning auroral and subauroral latitudes, and these scans have been examined fo...

A study of the convectively coupled Kelvin wave (CCKW) properties from a series of atmospheric general circulation model experiments over observed sea surface temperatures is presented. The simulations are performed with two different convection schemes (a mass flux scheme and a moisture convergence scheme) using a range of convective triggers, which inhibit convection in different ways. Increa...

Tropical Storm Edouard (2002) experienced episodic outbreaks of convection downshear within the storm core in the presence of 11–15 m s of ambient vertical wind shear. These outbreaks lasted 2–6 h and were followed by long periods with no deep convection. Flights fromU.S. Air Force reconnaissance aircraft within the boundary layer were used to investigate the cause of one such oscillation. Low ...