Selecting approaches with appropriate accuracy and suitable speed for the purpose of making decision is one of the managers’ challenges. Also investing decision is one of the main decisions of managers and it can be referred to securities transaction in financial markets which is one of the investments approaches. When some assets and barriers of real world have been considered, optimization of...

1 Parallel efforts in the United States to advance and implement the concept of an independent system operator provide a source of comparative insights on the principal choices and issues. A competitive electricity market requires supporting structures administered by the system operator. A key debate centers on the approach to transmission access and pricing. Efficient marginal-cost pricing in...

Bidding has been proposed to replace or complement the administered prices that Medicare pays to hospitals and health plans. In 2006, the Medicare Advantage program implemented a competitive bidding system to determine plan payments. In perfectly competitive models, plans bid their costs and thus bids are insensitive to the benchmark. Under many other models of competition, bids respond to chan...

 This research studies a supply chain with two competitive suppliers and many buyers. The suppliers compete in the market based on their operation efficiencies as well as their pricing strategies. We investigate the switching decisions between the short-term pricing strategy that expands market and the long-term strategy that maximizes profit. The suitable pricing strategies based on their ope...

In service industries, companies increasingly need to rely on the performance of their service employees to become and stay truly competitive. Despite this viewpoint, most administrators do not believe that they can make competitive advantage in their organizations through employees. Therefore, the present paper aims to study the effect of employee branding on market share based on individual a...

A major change that has accompanied the world-wide “massification” of higher education is the new-found openness of policymakers to the use of competitive markets to steer the university sector. In many countries efforts to improve the quality of publicly provided higher education, both in teaching and in research, are leading to experiments with market-based policy instruments (Teixeira, et al...

The concept of Value Creation is gaining momentum in Iran under the open regime. Iranian Companies are geared to understand and act upon the concept of Shareholder Value to stay competitive in this unfathomable and volatile environment. Most executives today understand that, the need to create shareholder value is paramount and the world’s most competitive management teams are responding to the...

This study examines the nature of competition between the two leading brands of a national small size market by estimating shortand long-term competitive reactions via a Structural VAR (SVAR) model. The primary findings indicate how the two competitors react, which marketing instruments are used, and when competitive reactions affect crossand own-sales. The empirical results suggest that compet...