Historically, the fact that the people of Mindanao and Sulu were able to successfully resist all attempts to subjugate them only increased the obsession of the Spanish colonial government and of the church hierarchy to conquer the south and to convert the people to Catholicism. Thus was created the "Moro Problem" which, in the mind of colonial officials, was simply the problem of creating effec...

The student of colonial history who attempts to draw a comparison between Java (or rather, in view of the huge regional disparities: parts of Java) and parts of the Philippines (for instance Luzon) is struck by the sharp contrasts in development. While Javanese society during the 19th century, and well into the 20th century has remained a society of small peasants, in Luzon the process of colon...

This article examines the historical processes that shaped development of archaeological practice in Angola during Portuguese colonial period and aftermath political independence. Using published works, unpublished reports, photographic records, we examine research themes, actors, scholars, institutions influenced country. We also used documents museum collections Portugal to create a GIS datab...

Traditions can limit investment in early life health, even if they have been abandoned. We introduce data on historic twin infanticide and merge it with recent birth records from 23 African countries. use the full sample a border of adjacent societies without past infanticide. Both samples provide no evidence that predicts greater differential mortality today. This null result is likely consequ...

This article takes issue with Stephen Lansing's bottom-up model of Balinese irrigation management. Based on archival research and extensive fieldwork in the former south Balinese kingdom of Mengwi, it is argued that in pre-colonial days large scale irrigation depended largely on dynastic involvement. During the colonial period (1906-1942) the Dutch took over the role of regional irrigation mana...

"The waste of only a single cent a coolie a day on a labour force of forty thousands means a direct loss of 126,000 Straits dollars (almost £15,000) per annum; and to increase the efficiency of the labour by a cent a day means a corresponding gain" (Malcolm Watson, Rural sanitation in the tropics, London, 1915, p. xviii). Watson's observation may appear a little crude but it depicts a reality-a...

This study deals with the conflict of Nigerian Biafran War 6 July, 1960-15 January, 1967 as represented in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie‟s novel Half of a Yellow Sun (2006). The study attempts to address the following four questions: first, what are the causes-effects of Biafran/Civil war? Second, why Nigerians have been suffering during the wartime? Third, how does the representation of Nigerian hi...

Former colonial powers are regularly confronted with the sudden looming up of the past in their relationship with their erstwhile possessions. The diplomatic crises between Zimbabwe and the United Kingdom or between the Ivory Coast and France, the debate between Paris and Algiers on the colonial undertaking, the invocation of the atrocities of conquest by Colonel Kaddafi to obtain financing for...

Populations of sturgeon (Acipenseridae) have experienced global declines, and in some cases extirpation, during the past century. In the current era of climate change and over-harvesting of fishery resources, climate models, based on uncertain boundary conditions, are being used to predict future effects on the Earth's biota. A collection of approximately 400-year-old Atlantic sturgeon spines f...

In social insects, workers trade personal reproduction for indirect fitness returns from helping their mother rear collateral kin. Colony membership is generally used as a proxy for kin discrimination, but the question remains whether recognition allows workers to discriminate between kin and nonkin regardless of colony affiliation. We investigated whether workers of the ant Formica fusca can i...