Egypt has the highest prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and seropositivity worldwide, and it has been proposed that this enhanced susceptibility to HCV is related to coinfection with schistosomiasis. Although currently, there are no studies regarding the actual prevalence of both human schistosomiasis and schistosomiasis/HCV coinfection evidences strongly support that elim...

Women infected with multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) types seem to be at higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, although there is controversy about whether coinfections are associated with lower or higher grades of dysplasia. There is no established risk factor profile for infection with multiple HPV types. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 2,075 Brazilian women to id...

The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were scr...

A subadditive effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is possible because superinfection of one virus tends to inhibit infection of the other virus. However, studies have reported inconsistent findings, and two meta-analyses of studies from various countries (1998) and China (2005) reported a supraadditive effect for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Thus, w...

We used vesicular stomatitis virus to test the effect of complementation on the relative fitness of a deleterious mutant, monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant (MARM) N, in competition with its wild-type ancestor. We carried out competitions of MARM N and wild-type populations at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) and initial ratios of the wild type to the mutant and found that the fit...

Leptospirosis and scrub typhus are common zoonoses and coinfection with both diseases has been reported sporadically, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. A 53-year-old male presented with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and septic shock due to leptospirosis and scrub typhus coinfection confirmed by serological assessments. Antibiotics, including intravenous penicillin and levofl...

To help understand the potential impact of bacterial coinfection during pandemic influenza periods, we undertook a far-reaching review of the existing literature to gain insights into the interaction of influenza and bacterial pathogens. Reports published between 1950 and 2006 were identified from scientific citation databases using standardized search terms. Study outcomes related to coinfecti...

Parasite life history may differ during coinfection compared to single infections, and the order of infection may be an important predictor of life history traits. We subjected laboratory mice (Mus musculus) to single and coinfections with Heligmosomoides bakeri and Hymenolepis microstoma and measured life history traits of worms and also hepatobiliary and morphological responses by the host. W...

Coinfection of parasite genotypes can select for various changes in parasite life history strategies relative to single genotype infections, with consequences for disease dynamics and severity. However, even where coinfection is common, a parasite genotype is also likely to regularly experience single genotype infections over relatively short periods of evolutionary time, due to chance, changes...

800x600 background : hepatitis b and c infections have remained major global health burdens during the most recent century. the viral agents responsible for these diseases share common modes of transmission with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) such as needle-sharing in iv drug abusers. coinfection of hepatitis b or c with hiv increases the rate of progression of chronic liver disease. given ...