The concept of character has always been ill-at-ease in psychoanalytic theory. As an aggregate of traits characteristic of the person, it has been seen as superficial and peripheral to the main concerns of psychoanalysis. The early-instinct versus d.efense model of psychoanalysis explained character as expressions of or defenses against instinctual pressures. As a result, character has usually ...

INTRODUCTION Patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) are increasing and producing financial burdens worldwide. This study determines the cost per QALY (quality-adjusted life year), out-of-pocket expenses, and lifetime costs for PMV patients stratified by underlying diseases and cognition levels. METHODS A nationwide sample of 50,481 patients with continual mechanical venti...

Sleep apnea is a clinical condition characterized by cessation of breathing in the sleeper due to pharyngeal airway closure. The reduction air exchange results decreased cerebral blood circulation with consequential behavioral deficits cognitively and emotionally. Untreated sleep associated chronic illnesses depression, cardiovascular disorder, obesity diabetes mellitus. Measured cognitive beha...

Monosodium glutamate is a sodium salt of a nonessential amino acid, L-glutamic acid, which is widely used in food industry. Glutamate plays an important role in principal brain functions including formation and stabilization of synapses, memory, cognition, learning, as well as cellular metabolism. However, ingestion of foodstuffs rich in monosodium glutamate can result in the outbreak of severa...

Abstract Therapy induced cognition impairment (TICI) or chemobrain is a well-recognized side effect of cancer therapy, which reduces quality life for survivors. Most therapies induce reactive oxygen species, can lead to cell death, but they also promote neuronal death both directly and indirectly leading TICI. High grade gliomas are one the cancers that respond poorly therapy associated with de...

background: because of well-established role of obesity in brain lesions, progressing cognitive deficits in obese patients has been recently suggested. in current study and for the first time, we aimed to assess cognition status in iranian obese people and to compare it with non-obese individuals. methods: one hundred and eighteen consecutive patients with the different cardiovascular and metab...

the wisconsin test card sorting test (wcst) is a neuropsychological test that has been suggested as a more specific test for frontal lobes dysfunctions. this study was designed to determine whether wcst is able to differentiate between iranian psychiatric patients with cognitive disorders and normal subjects, and whether wcst scores are related to severity of symptoms in depressive and schizoph...

objective: recent studies have emphasized the important role of cognitive beliefs in etiology and ‎maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd). ocd has different subtypes, but the ‎specific role of cognitive beliefs in ocd symptomatology is not clear. the aim of the current ‎study was to determine whether the cognitive factors proposed by obsessive compulsive ‎cognitions working group (o...

introduction: coping responses are complex dynamic behavioral reactions that involve reciprocal influences between emotion and cognition but cognitive studies in iran have less emphasized coping responses of methamphetamine dependent individuals to distressing situations. to address this aim, the current study was designed to investigate the coping responses of a group of methamphetamine depend...