OBJECTIVE This observational, retrospective study investigated infertility among Iraqi men who had been long-term prisoners of war. METHODS Routine seminal fluid analyses were undertaken in former prisoners with suspected infertility attending the Ramadi Infertility Clinic, Ramadi, Iraq; semen samples were also microscopically evaluated in these patients. RESULTS In 16 out of 38 patients (...

We present three-dimensional numerical simulations of particle clumping and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks with varying amounts of solid material. As centimeter-size pebbles settle to the midplane, turbulence develops through vertical shearing and streaming instabilities. We find that when the pebbleto-gas column density ratio is 0.01, corresponding roughly to solar metallicity,...

The canopy foliage clumping effect is primarily caused by the non-random distribution of canopy foliage. Currently, measurements of clumping index (CI) by handheld instruments is typically time- and labor-intensive. We propose a low-cost and low-power automatic measurement system called Multi-point Linear Array of Optical Sensors (MLAOS), which consists of three above-canopy and nine below-cano...

The inversion of land surface component temperatures is an essential source of information for mapping heat fluxes and the angular normalization of thermal infrared (TIR) observations. Leaf and soil temperatures can be retrieved using multiple-view-angle TIR observations. In a satellite-scale pixel, the clumping effect of vegetation is usually present, but it is not completely considered during...

1. Previous work has shown that transmission of some insect pathogens is a non-linear process. A number of hypotheses have been put forward as explanations for this phenomenon; however, none have proven wholly satisfactory. Here we test the effects on transmission of spatial distribution of an insect virus by testing whether or not experimental manipulations of pathogen clumping lead to differe...

We report the detection and monitoring of transient substructures in the radiation-driven winds of five massive, hot stars in different evolutionary stages. Clumping in the winds of these stars shows up as variable, narrow subpeaks superposed on their wide, wind-broadened (optical) emission lines. Similar patterns of emission-line profile variations are detected in the Of stars ζ Puppis and HD9...

We present three-dimensional numerical simulations of particle clumping and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks with varying amounts of solid material. As centimeter-size pebbles settle to the midplane, turbulence develops through vertical shearing and streaming instabilities. We find that when the pebbleto-gas column density ratio is 0.01, corresponding roughly to solar metallicity,...