BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ischemic stroke population is heterogeneous. Even in balanced randomized trials, patient heterogeneity biases estimates of the treatment effect toward no effect when dichotomous end points are used. Risk adjustment statistically addresses some of the heterogeneity and can reduce bias in the treatment effect estimate. The purpose of this study was to estimate the treat...

328 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In most clinical studies, p value is the final result of data analysis. A small p value...

A distinction is drawn between Crystal's bucket theory of language processing and an overflow of effects between different linguistic levels in language production. Most of the examples are drawn from Welsh (a language of mutual interest to the author and the honoree of this issue). For that reason, it is proposed that this effect is termed the rhaeadr effect (from the Welsh for waterfall). The...

An analytical method based on a renormalized q parameter for Gaussian-beam propagation and properly matched self-consistent complex q parameters is proposed to aid in the design of arbitrary-astigmatismcompensated Kerr-lens mode-locked ring cavity lasers. The q parameters throughout the ring cavity can be calculated by solution of an algebraically quadratic equation for an arbitrarily thick Ker...

It is well known that dimensionality reduction based on multivariate analysis methods and their kernelized extensions can be formulated as generalized eigenvalue problems of scatter matrices, Gram matrices or their augmented matrices. This paper provides a generic and theoretical framework of multivariate analysis introducing a new expression for scatter matrices and Gram matrices, called Gener...

OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of peer-led interventions in reducing unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, pre- and post-intervention studies without control groups, and serial cross-sectional assessments involving peers delivering int...