BACKGROUND The aim of this article is to report the findings of a secondary analysis of a previous injury study to consider previous injury as a risk factor for reinjury in rock climbing. METHODS We completed a secondary analysis of 201 questionnaires that were gathered as part of a retrospective cross-sectional cohort survey that investigated the epidemiology of injuries in a representative ...

This paper presents a new four-limbed robot, LEMUR IIb (Legged Excursion Mechanical Utility Rover), that can free-climb vertical rock surfaces. This robot was designed to have a number of capabilities in addition to climbing (e.g., assembly, inspection, maintenance, transport, intervention) and to be able to traverse a variety of other types of terrain (e.g., roads, talus, dirt, urban rubble). ...

The evolutionary multiobjective optimization technique for analog circuit optimizer is presented in this paper. the technique uses a Parallel Genetic Algorithm(PGA) to identifies multiple “good” solutions from a multiobjective fitness landscape which are tuned using a local hill-climbing algorithm. The PGA is used to provide a nature niching mechanism that has considerable computational advanta...

[Purpose] This study was performed to provide evidence for the therapeutic exercise approach through a compative analysis of muscle activities according to climbing wall inclination. [Subjects and Methods] Twentyfour healthy adult subjects without climbing experience performed static exercises at a therapeutic climbing at with various inclination angles (0°, 10°, 20°), and the activities of the...

Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolution of extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Among them, the gravity hypothesis (GH) explains that extreme SSD has evolved in spiders because smaller males have a mating or survival advantage by climbing faster. However, few studies have supported this hypothesis thus far. Using a wide span of spider body sizes, we show that there is...

The Everest climbing season that has just ended was marred by the worst accident in the mountain’s history. On 18 April 2014, 16 Nepalese sherpas died in an avalanche, and subsequent climbing expeditions were cancelled. 2 The deaths of men from poor communities, hired to perform dangerous tasks for the sake of mountain climbing, provoked controversy. I used data on deaths above base camps from ...

The pathway from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the inferior olive, the source of the climbing fibre input to the cerebellum, inhibits olivary transmission. As climbing fibre activity can depress the background firing of the Purkinje cells, it was suggested that nucleo-olivary (N-O) inhibition is a negative feedback mechanism for regulating Purkinje cell excitability. This suggestion was investi...

Apomorphine, at doses greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg (intraperitoneally), produced two patterns of stereotypy. In rats from one supplier it induced predominantly gnawing while in those from another predominantly climbing, suggesting that the response to the drug is influenced by genetic and/or experimental factors. At lower doses, apomorphine induced climbing in both groups (ED50 = 1.4 mg/kg...

Two candidate evasion maneuvers were evaluated for use with a collision alerting system for independent closelyspaced parallel approaches in instrument conditions. The two maneuvers were a wings-level climb and a climbing turn away from parallel traffic. .Pairs of aircraft on parallel approach were simulated using pre-recorded trajectories covering a range of normal approach and blunder scenari...

This paper applies the mathematics of chaos to the task of designing indoor rock-climbing routes. Chaotic variation has been used to great advantage on music and dance, but the challenges here are quite different, beginning with the representation. We present a formalized system for transcribing rock climbing problems and then describe a variation generator that is designed to support human rou...