Although climate models have steadily improved their ability to reproduce the observed climate, over the years there has been little change to the wide range of sensitivities exhibited by different models to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Stochastic optimization is used to mimic how six independent climate model development efforts might use the same atmospheric general circulati...

The international climate change negotiations leading to and including the Copenhagen and Cancun Conferences of the Parties in 2009 and 2010 have shown a very different balance of power from those of the 1997 Kyoto round. This ‘‘New World dis(Order)’’ is characterized by insecurity of the United States in the face of economic and political decline vis-à-vis China; fragmentation of the Group of ...

According to the water resources and climate change and challenges of Urmia Lake basin, which is the discharge and final destination of North West Rivers, a model was presented. Due to climate change and water resources in river basin such as rainfall, climate change in basin that has direct impact on evaporation over water catchment areas and lake water, this model can be provided. In addition...

in an arid country like kuwait with harsh and hot climate conditions, the scarcity of fresh water supplies presents a serious threat to sustainable socio-economic development and growth. kuwait is an oil rich country with capital abundance and coastal locations enabled it to build desalination plants for fresh water production that is sold to the customers at highly subsidized prices. however, ...

Contents Preface Foreword Recent highlights On the role of cirrus clouds in climate 11 Pathways in the ocean 19 Monitoring of tropical processes relevant to climate change 29 Current projects Preface • In 2001 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ipcc) published its Third Assessment Report (tar). It was concluded that " There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming obser...

Climate change adds an additional layer of complexity to existing sustainable development and biodiversity conservation challenges. The impacts of global climate change are felt locally, and thus local governance structures will increasingly be responsible for preparedness and local responses. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options are gaining prominence as relevant climate change solutions. ...

Global climate change consists a major overriding environmental problem and one of the most important challenges that environmental regulators are facing with not only economic but also social dimensions. As climate change impacts pose growing challenges to many aspects of life such as infrastructure facilities, agriculture, fishery, ecosystems and human health, many countries and cities are be...

this paper intends to identify and assess ecotourism potentials of different areas in maranjab desert, kashan district. the research is an applied one, and a descriptive-analytical research. both documentary and field studies have been adopted for data collection and thus identification and prioritization of areas with the highest potential for ecotourism development within the desert district ...

To replace fossil fuel and thereby mitigate climate change, harvesting of wood such as stumps for bioenergy will likely increase. Coarse deadwood is an important resource for biodiversity and stumps comprise the main part of the coarse deadwood in managed forests. We provide the first integrated analysis of the long-term climate and biodiversity impacts of a whole landscape. We simultaneously p...