Edmund Parkes was a well-qualified choice to provide a critical assessment 1 of John Snow's second edition of the Mode of Communication of Cholera 2 in the British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. A former military surgeon, Parkes had extensive experience of cholera in Asia. His monograph, Researches into the Pathology and Treatment of the Algide or Asiatic Cholera, 3 had been published i...

BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the cholera epidemic in Haiti, attack rates have varied drastically with alternating peak and lull phases, which were partly associated with the fluctuating dry, rainy and cyclonic seasons. According to a study conducted in 2012, the toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strain responsible for the outbreak did not settle at a significant level in the Haitian aquatic environ...

York: Conner & Cooke, 1833. 50 Shapter T. The History of the Cholera in Exeter in 1832. London: John Churchill, 1849. 51 Leigh J, Gardiner N. History of the Cholera in Manchester, in 1849; As Reported to the Registrar General of Births, Deaths, &c. London: Simpkin, marshall, and Co., 1850. 52 Panum P. Om cholera-epidemien i Bandholm 1850. Hospitaals-Meddelser 1850;3:548–630. 53 Cooper H. On the...

Cholera in pregnant women has been linked to higher rates of miscarriages and stillbirths. When used effectively, oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) can prevent or control cholera outbreaks and manage endemic cholera. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed pregnant women in its 2010 position paper on cholera vaccines as a group that is “especially vulnerable to severe disease and...

Cholera, an acute diarrheal infection has become a major global threat. Vibrio cholerae the causative agent of cholera has been responsible for six previous pandemics since 1817 that spanned four continents and Australia with the seventh pandemic ongoing since 1961. Two serogroups of V. cholerae O1 and O139 have the ability to secrete the enterotoxin with potential to cause epidemics. The prior...

Cholera, the pandemic diarrheal disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae, continues to be a major public health challenge in the developing world. Cholera toxin, which is responsible for the voluminous stools of cholera, causes constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in the export of ions into the intestinal lumen. Environmental studies have demonstrated a cl...

cholera outbreak is more common in developing countries. the causative agent of the disease is vibrio cholerae strains o1 and o139. traditional diagnostic testing for vibrio is not always reliable, because vibrio can enter a viable but non cultivable state. therefore, nucleic acid-based tests have emerged as a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing.       in this investigation, a ...

The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, has been shown to be autochthonous to riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters along with its host, the copepod, a significant member of the zooplankton community. Temperature, salinity, rainfall and plankton have proven to be important factors in the ecology of V. cholerae, influencing the transmission of the disease in those regions of the world...

Over the period 1961-89 a total of 1,713,057 cases of cholera were reported to WHO from 117 countries in all continents. The course of the epidemic fell into three periods: in period I (1961 to 1969), 24 countries (predominantly in Asia) reported about 419,968 cholera cases; in period II (1970 to 1977), 73 countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas reported 706,261 cases; and in peri...

Cyclic AMP increased 8- to 10-fold after a 3-h treatment with 6 nM cholera toxin in rat C6-2B astrocytoma cells. In the presence of cycloheximide, cholera toxin increased intracellular cyclic AMP about 50-fold. Qualitatively similar potentiation of cholera toxin action by cycloheximide was observed in isolated swine aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Cycloheximide, by itself, had no effect up...