Pregnancy and child birth involves significant health risk even for women with no pre-existing health problems. Third stage of labour is the time from delivery of the baby until delivery of the placenta and is the most crucial stage of labour. Post partum hemorrhage complicates approximately 4% of vaginal deliveries and estimates are that it causes significant morbidity and 25% of all the child...

Human labour is associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis within the fetal membranes. We have studied the expression of the two isoforms of the central prostaglandin synthetic enzyme, cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), in human fetal membranes throughout pregnancy, at mRNA, protein and activity levels. COX-1 mRNA expression was low in human amnion and chorion-decidua and did not change ...

Covid-19 will aggravate the problem of child labor. The traditional policy to fight this has relied heavily on role school. Empirical evidence shows that benefits basic education for poor families are very high. Yet, these high returns may be a statistical illusion when social and economic inequality prevail. In case, while fighting enhancing mobility, emphasis should put school as provider goo...

There are four groups of women in this study. 1) Those who have had a vaginal delivery (VD) after a previously failed operative vaginal delivery (FOVD) with resultant emergency caesarean section at second stage of labour (n = 52). These women have previously experienced the effects of both pregnancy and labour up to second stage, including active pushing on the perineum resulting in stretching ...