abstract the role of l1 in second/foreign language learning has been the subject of much debate and controversy. this article reports on a piece of research carried out in a junior high school in isfahan, iran. this study was conducted to examine the effect of using translation from l1 to l2 on the improvement of efl learners' language accuracy. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 62 stud...

Locative inversion is a non-canonical structure in Chinese and English. According to the Contrastive Analysis theory (Lado, 1957), a structure in L2 is easier to learn if it has the same meaning and distribution as an “equivalent” in L1. Previous studies suggest that English-speaking Chinese L2 learners would have no difficulty in acquiring the unmarked construction (Jin, 2008). The present stu...

There has been little research on the acquisition of Spanish collocation, particularly concerning collocation combinations in a multilingual context. Therefore, this corpus-based study attempted to provide new insights for learning collocation. The questions are: (1) What are usage and error tendencies acquiring by learners L3 Spanish? (2) How do contrasts between learners’ prior languages (L1 ...

Any σ ∈ Gal(L1L2/K) restricted to L1 or L2 is an automorphism since L1 and L2 are both Galois over K. So we get a function R : Gal(L1L2/K)→ Gal(L1/K)×Gal(L2/K) by R(σ) = (σ|L1 , σ|L2). We will show R is an injective homomorphism. To show R is a homomorphism, it suffices to check the separate restriction maps σ 7→ σ|L1 and σ 7→ σ|L2 are each homomorphisms from Gal(L1L2/K) to Gal(L1/K) and Gal(L2...

The study of second language speech perception usually put L1-L2 phonological mapping as the rule of thumb in predicting learning outcome, and seldom included more fine-grained aspects such as frequency. This study examines how frequency of sounds in L1 may influence L2 segmental production and perception, with examples from English learners native to two Chinese dialects, Cantonese and Sichuan...

Effects of emotion on word processing are well established in monolingual speakers. However, studies that have assessed whether affective features of words undergo the same processing in a native and nonnative language have provided mixed results: Studies that have found differences between native language (L1) and second language (L2) processing attributed the difference to the fact that L2 le...

The research reported in this article investigated how students learning Japanese or Russian as a third language (L3) perceived and produced word-initial stops their respective target the link between perception production. participants study were 39 Chinese university who spoke Mandarin first (L1), English second (L2), L3. An L3 identification task, an reading L2 task used to investigate learn...

This enquiry aims to examine whether L2 Russian adjectival morphology and adjective agreement in split contexts are acquirable by adult L1 Turkish learners at higher proficiency levels. Unlike Turkish, the is specified for case, number, grammatical gender. The respective features, along with splitting, not operational Turkish. Bottleneck Hypothesis Updated (Slabakova, 2019) predicts a full acqu...

This paper investigates the Italian Word Order variation in position of subjects (S) with respect to finite predicates (V) two adult populations: L1-Italian speakers and L1-French L2-Italian speakers. We test how discourse focus (Belletti, 2001) a decomposed approach Unaccusativity, i.e., Unaccusativity Hierarchy (Sorace, 2000), determine SV/VS L1 L2 populations. The results forced-choice prefe...

The objective of the study was to scrutinise determinants heritage language maintenance and second acquisition in immigrant speakers assess their significance weight. Over one hundred cases bilingual with Polish as L1 (heritage language; abroad) L2 (national learners Poland) were investigated order better understand linguistic changes multilingual practices involved process relocating another c...