During an investigation of air-borne microorganisms, the net electric charges carried by individual cells at various relative humidities were studied using a Millikan apparatus (1947), a device in which the vertical rates of movement of the cells under gravity and under imposed electric fields were measured. Cell size and charge could have been calculated directly from such measurements if the ...

Piezoelectric sensors have emerged as a versatile tool for measurement of various quantities such as pressure, acceleration, strain, or force across many industrial applications. When mechanically strained, electric charges are produced inside a piezoelectric transducer. These charges result in an electric field that may be measured as a voltage difference between two electrodes, from which the...

We study analytically the full counting statistics of charge transport through single molecules, strongly coupled to a weakly damped vibrational mode. The specifics of transport in this regime--a hierarchical sequence of avalanches of transferred charges, interrupted by "quiet" periods--make the counting statistics strongly non-Gaussian. We support our findings for the counting statistics as we...

It is shown that in static and spherically symmetric configurations of the system of Maxwell field coupled to 3D gravity with torsion, at least one of the Maxwell field components has to vanish. Restricting our attention to the electric sector of the theory, we find an interesting exact solution, corresponding to the azimuthal electric field. Its geometric structure is to a large extent influen...

Electromagnetism, with its scalar charges, is based on an Abelian gauge theory, whereas non-Abelian theories vector charges describe strong and weak interactions, a coupled spatial charge (color) dynamics. New fields have been synthesized artificially, allowing the study of extraordinary physical effects. The most well-known example Berry curvature, cornerstone topological physics. Synthetic im...

Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), which possess polarization distribution of rotational symmetry on the transverse plane, can be developed in many optical technologies. Conventional methods to generate CVBs contain redundant interferometers or need switch among diverse elements, thus being inconvenient applications containing multiple CVBs. Here we provide a passive polarization-selective device...

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a high-performance material for emerging device applications, such as in resistive switching memories, high-k capacitors, or, due to its flexoelectricity, micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems. Enhanced electrical properties of TiO2 are ensured, especially by careful selection the bottom electrode material. Iridium (IrO2) an excellent choice, it favors rutile phase gr...

It is shown that in static and spherically symmetric configurations of the system of Maxwell field coupled to 3D gravity with torsion, at least one of the Maxwell field components has to vanish. Restricting our attention to the electric sector of the theory, we find an interesting exact solution, corresponding to the azimuthal electric field. Its geometric structure is to a large extent influen...