defects opposite to those of lin-4(e912). Precisely the These opposite developmental timing defects of lin-4 Harvard Medical School and lin-14 mutants, and the fact that loss of lin-14 is Department of Molecular Biology epistatic to lin-4(e912), suggested that the lin-4(e912) Massachusetts General Hospital mutation resulted in an excess of lin-14 activity. So lin-4 Boston, Massachusetts 02114 m...

Neuron models, in particular conductance-basedcompartmental models, often have numerous parameters thatcannot be directly determined experimentally and must beconstrained by an optimization procedure. A common prac-tice in evaluating the utility of such procedures is using apreviously developed model to generate surrogate data (e.g.,traces of spikes following step curren...

Food fortifi cation with synthetic folic acid (pteroyl monoglutamic acid) remains a source of debate in terms of benefi t versus issues of safety and consumer choice. Several countries have adopted mandatory folic acid fortifi cation. A decision to proceed in Australasia was made in June, 2007. We report the case of a woman who had three episodes of type I hypersensitivity, including ana phylax...

K e y words: Markov model, error detection, error correction, bunsetsu, substitution, deletion, insertion 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n In order to improve the man-machine interface with computers, the <tevelopment of input devices such as optical cha.racter tea<lets (OCR) or speech recognition devices are expected, llowew;r, it is not easy to input Japanese sentences J)y these devices, because. th...

To the Editor: Bartonella spp. are gram-negative alphaproteobacte-ria that are transmitted between the reservoir and mammal host by he-matophagous insects (1). The genus Yersinia comprises 11 species, of which Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague, a deadly rodent-associated, fleaborne zoonosis (2). Despite the large number of plague cases reported in humans and the large amount of data ab...

At NDSS 2012, Yan et al. analyzed the security of sev-eral challenge-response type user authentication protocolsagainst passive observers, and proposed a generic countingbased statistical attack to recover the secret of some count-ing based protocols given a number of observed authentica-tion sessions. Roughly speaking, the attack is based on thefact that secret (pass) o...

Overview: Detection of water and carbon is important in order to support existence of life on other planets. Water has been detected on Mars and Moon in the form of ice and in hydrous minerals. Among the various techniques to detect water, ice, and H 2 O/OH bearing minerals, Raman spectroscopy stands out as providing distinctive spectra for unambiguous identification of water and water bearing ...

The control of the core-shell structure at the nanometer is one of the most fundamental chal‐ lenges in condensed matter science [Deville et al., 2009; Woodley et al., 2008; Bannin, 2007; Ji et al., 2007; Lauhon et al., 2002]. One of the fundamental concepts regarding the synthesis of nanowires via the spontaneous self-organization of individual nanoparticles, called spontane‐ ous organization ...

1 1 Distribution of this document in any form violates the copyrights of the publisher. Cosuppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) all describe homology-dependent gene silencing phenomena in plants that involve what is more broadly known as RNA interference (RNAi). The study of these phenomena in plants has provided numerous key discoverie...

Whenever we talk about Dopagem (the Portuguese term adopted by the Autoridade Brasileira de Controle de Dopagem—ABCD—for the act of doping) people usually think only about the consumption of performanceenhancing drugs. Sometimes this is true. However, the larger truth is that doping is not restricted to drugs of any type, it is about ethics; it is about values. When an athlete uses prohibited s...