on december 11, 2008, the united nations adopted the “convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea”, more colloquially known as the “rotterdam rules” for the city which hosted the convention’s signing ceremony on september 23, 2009. rotterdam convention approved the “presumption of responsibility” as the basis of carrier’s responsibility and listed the...

We introduce a general class of rules for claims problems, called the difference rules, and demonstrate that a rule satisfies composition down and composition up if and only if it is a difference rule. We show that these rules take a special form when there are two agents. In a variable population framework, we introduce a family of rules satisfying consistency, composition down, and compositio...

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In this paper we show that if we want to obtain human evidence about conventionalization of some phrases, we should ask native speakers about associations they have to a given phrase and its component words. We have shown that if component words of a phrase have each other as frequent associations, then this phrase can be considered as conventionalized. Another type of conventionalized phrases ...

We consider the question of when an expansion of a topological structure has the property that every open set definable in the expansion is definable in the original structure. This question is related to and inspired by recent work of Dolich, Miller and Steinhorn on the property of having o-minimal open core. We answer the question in a fairly general setting and provide conditions which in pr...

What are the “design features” of human language that need to be explained? Starting from R. Jackendoff’s scenario for the evolution of language, we argue that it is the transitions between stages that pose the crucial challenges for accounts of the evolution of language. We review a number of formalisms for conceptualizations, sound, and the mapping between them, and describe and evaluate the ...

Whether the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) (Ross, 1967) is a syntactic constraint has been discussed much in the literature. This paper reconsiders this issue by drawing on evidence from Japanese and Korean. Our examination of the CSC patterns in relative clauses in the two languages reveals that a pragmatically-based approach along the lines of Kehler (2002) predicts the relevant empiri...

Polydispersity is inevitable in industrially produced polymers. Established theories of polymer dynamics and rheology, however, were mostly built on monodisperse linear Dynamics polydisperse polymers yet to be fully explored—specifically how chains different lengths affect the one another a mixture. This study explored bidisperse melts using molecular bead–spring chain model. Binary mixtures be...