Although waiting times are inherently uncertain in public transport networks, previous research has primarily studied route choice behaviour under risk. Since understanding such is important to correctly model network flows and gain better of traveller satisfaction, we propose a method assess travellers’ natural ambiguity. Specifically, devise realistic situation whereby attitudes perceptions t...

Researchers have debated whether knowledge or certainty is a better candidate for the norm of assertion. Should you make an assertion only if you know it’s true? Or should you make an assertion only if you’re certain it’s true? If either knowledge or certainty is a better candidate, then this will likely have detectable behavioral consequences. I report an experiment that tests for relevant beh...

The certainty-factor (CF) model is a method for managing uncertainty in rule-based systems. Shortliffe and Buchanan (1975) developed the CF model in the mid-1970s for MYCIN, an expert system for the diagnosis and treatment of meningitis and infections of the blood. Since then, the CF model has become the standard approach to uncertainty management in rule-based systems. When the model was creat...

We present a theoretical framework and preliminary results for manual categorization of explicit certainty information in 32 English newspaper articles. The explicit certainty markers were identified and categorized according to the four hypothesized dimensions – perspective, focus, timeline, and level of certainty. One hundred twenty one sentences from sample news stories contained a significa...

The reason that Professor Zeide (Zeide, 2010) objects so strongly with Popper’s falsification view of scientific theory (Popper, K.S., 1968) is because Professor Popper and Professor Zeide are defining, interpreting and using the terms “induction”, “verification” and “falsification” in different ways: they have different ontologies and metadata. There are many possible types of “induction” (log...

Problems in data analysis often require the unsupervised partitioning of a data set into clusters. Many methods exist for such partitioning but most have the weakness of being model-based (most assuming hyper-ellipsoidal clusters) or computationally infeasible in anything more than a 3-dimensional data space. We reconsider the notion of cluster analysis in information-theoretic terms and show t...

Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components may be evaluated from the statistical distribution of the results of a series of measurements and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which also can be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experienc...

This research explores the effect of source certainty—that is, the level of certainty expressed by a message source—on persuasion. The authors propose an incongruity hypothesis, suggesting that source certainty effects depend on perceived source expertise. In three experiments, consumers receive persuasive messages from sources of varying expertise and certainty. Across studies, low expertise s...

the phenomenon of doubt (hesitation) in pre-islamic (jaheli) poetry is usually accompanied with plagiarism (entehal). plagiary is not limited to any special nation; rather, it is widespread. in literary works of many nations. mohammad ibn-e-sallam aljomahi and abdolmalik ibn-e- hesham are among the most prominent critics of plagiary. also , morgolious, one of the greatest orientalists, has crit...