We consider the exact learnability of subclasses of Boolean formulas from membership queries alone. We show how to combine known learning algorithms that use membership and equivalence queries to obtain new learning results only with memberships. In particular we show the exact learnability of read-k monotone formulas, Sat-k O(log n)-CDNF, and O(p log n)-size CDNF from membership queries only.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Low level of thyroid hormone is a strong independent risk factor for white matter (WM) injury, a major cause of cerebral palsy, in preterm infants. Thyroxin upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor during development. We hypothesized that thyroxin protected against preoligodendrocyte apoptosis and WM injury in the immature brain via upregulation of brain-derived neur...

produce L-DOPA or dopamine. Unfortunately, these grafts (e.g., adrenal medulla) provide only short-term and inconsistent clinical benefits (Gage, 1998) or carry some risk of viral infections. Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of A potential autologous dopamine source that has re-neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic (DA) neurons in ceived little attention until recently is the c...

The recently cloned, distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), has potent trophic actions on fetal mesencephalic dopamine neurons. GDNF also has protective and restorative activity on adult mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and potently protects motoneurons from axotomy-induced cell death. However, evidence for ...

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is potent for survival and promotion of nerve fibers from midbrain dopamine neurons. It is also known to exert different effects on specific subpopulations of dopamine neurons. In organotypic tissue cultures, dopamine neurons form two diverse nerve fiber growth patterns, targeting the striatum differently. The aim of this study was to investiga...

The therapeutic goal in treating cerebral ischemia is to reduce the extent of brain injury and thus minimize neurological impairment. We examined the effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), an active component of Gastrodia elata Blume, on transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury with respect to the involvement of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), nuclear factor-E2-related fact...

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a member of epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is a potent mitogenic peptide for various types of cells. HB-EGF is widely expressed in central nervous system, including hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and is considered to play pivotal roles in the developing and adult nervous system. In this study, we assessed the role of ...

Many neurons die as the normal brain develops. How this is regulated and whether the mechanism involves neurotrophic molecules from target cells are unknown. We found that cultured neurons from a key forebrain structure, the dorsal thalamus, develop a need for survival factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from their major target, the cerebral cortex, at the age at which th...