Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mecha...

The fall of Soviet Union and independence of republics of central Asia as well as South Caucasus have brought both chances and challenges for Iran. At first it seemed that Muslim republics, which broke from Soviet Union, might have brought great chances for Iran to promote her ideological claims and economic interests. Dreams of Islamic revolution in new independent central Asian republics invo...

The paper concentrates on the conditions, contingencies and determinants of central bank transparency and communication. From the state of the economy and the quality of national institutions, to the structure of monetary policy committees, the personality of the governor and the nature of the monetary policy framework - with a particular focus on the case of inflation targeting, there i...

A 16-years-old female patient with painless swelling of the right side of mandible is described. She noticed the swelling from two years ago, without painful symptoms. Axial CT imaging showed buccal expansion with intact buccal and lingual cortical bone. The report of incisional biopsy was central odontogenic fibroma. Under general anesthesia the lesion was removed after ostectomy of buccal cor...

introduction: current study examined the possible role of the central nucleus of amygdala (cea) transient inactivation on the metabolic and hormonal disturbances induced by acute electro foot shock stress in female rats. considering the differences between female and male in responses to stress, this study attempts to reveal possible mechanisms underlying these differences. methods: uni- or bil...

the aim of this study was to report the endodontic management of right maxillary central incisor having two canals with vertucci canal configuration type iv . internal morphology of root canals is variable and often complex. therefore, to achieve a technically satisfactory endodontic outcome, the clinician must have adequate knowledge of the internal canal morphology and its variations in order...

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introduction: giant cell lesions of the bone comprise a group of jaw bone pathologies. different pathogeneses such as reactive, vascular or neoplastic have been proposed for these lesions. in addition, differentiating between aggressive and nonaggressive central giant cell granuloma (cgcg) of the jaws based on histopathologic features is still impossible and due to different treatment protocols...

cell replacement therapy has provided the basis for future clinical applications to treat central nervous system injuries fallowing by car accidents. induced functional neurons are an option for replacing the lost neurons. the ability to monitor changes in membrane potential is a useful tool for studying neuronal function, but there are only limited options available at present. here, investiga...

background: central venous catheters (cvcs) have been used widely in clinics. these catheters are also recommended for children and infants receiving chemotherapy and total parenteral nutrition (tpn) and etc. in this paper, we present migrated fractured control line of the heart of a girl. case presentation: a 2.5 year old girl with migrated of the fractured central line into the heart. in the ...