With increasing global demand for nickel (which is a key component of stainless steel) the focus of mineral industry is currently on the abundant low-grade nickel laterite reserves. The extraction of nickel from the low-grade laterites is a technically difficult and expensive process and, as a result, the profitability of nickel production projects is highly affected by uncertainty over future ...

The history of the mining industry is intimately connected with government regulation. As in many other countries, this reflects the fact that the Crown has reserved almost all mineral rights to itself. In many cases regulation has had adverse consequences for the sector. A notorious example was the ban on exports of iron ore in the 1960s, which depressed exploration activity and postponed the ...

Iron-rich (ferruginous) ocean chemistry prevailed throughout most of Earth's early history. Before the evolution and proliferation of oxygenic photosynthesis, biological production in the ferruginous oceans was likely driven by photoferrotrophic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron {Fe(II)} to harness energy from sunlight, and fix inorganic carbon into biomass. Photoferrotrophs may thus have fuel...

application of hyperactivation process in palletizing iron ore, in order to decrease bentoniteconsumption has been investigated. different amounts of bentonite and sodium hydroxide, as activating agents,were added to iron ore and the quality of formed pellets were determined. the results show that addition of 0.01pct. naoh improves the pellet quality significantly while the bentonite content re...

Long-term production planning design is a major step in mine planning, because it determines the economic outcome of a project. Also long-term planes act as a guide for medium and short-term production scheduling. Because there are a large number of blocks within the ultimate pit limit, the pit can be divided into a series of sub-pits commonly called push backs, cut backs or phases. These push ...

Two texturally and mineralogically distinct types of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization are hosted by the upper Cambrian Metaline Formation in northeastern Washington. Josephine-type mineralization is iron poor and coarse grained, whereas Yellowhead-type mineralization is iron rich, fine grained, and commonly botryoidal. Josephine mineralization is found largely in the Josephine lithofacies...

Investigations on the chemical and microbial leaching of a Nigerian Iron-ore in sulphuric acid have been carried out. The influence of physico-chemical parameters such as acid concentration, temperature, particle size and stirring speed on the chemical dissolution of the ore was investigated. The dissolution rates are significantly influenced by the temperature and acid concentration while the ...

We summarize some recent results on partial linear functional systems. By associating a finite-dimensional linear functional system to a Laurent-Ore module, Picard-Vessiot extensions are generalized from linear ordinary differential (difference) equations to finite-dimensional linear functional systems. A generalized Beke’s method is also presented for factoring Laurent-Ore modules and it will ...

We consider a free action of an Ore semigroup on a higher-rank graph, and the induced action by endomorphisms of the C ∗-algebra of the graph. We show that the crossed product by this action is stably isomorphic to the C ∗-algebra of a quotient graph. Our main tool is Laca’s dilation theory for endomorphic actions of Ore semigroups on C ∗-algebras, which embeds such an action in an automorphic ...