T he world’s economic sphere has experienced significant changes in the past 40 years. The economies of the formerly socialist countries in central and eastern Europe, including Russia, underwent significant market reforms such as deregulation, privatization, and reinstatement of property rights toward establishing functioning market economies. Changes in the political economy of several countr...

in recent years, sustainable development has been accounted as one of the most important policy goals at the global level. many empirical studies have been carried out to determine the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. the model so-called environmental kuznets curve (ekc) was in most of empirical studies. the aim of this study is to estimate a modified ekc (mekc) i...

Agricultural production and water resources are among the most important issues from past to present. The interdependence of these two concepts is quite high. As world population increases, needs will undoubtedly increase. Accordingly, while demand for agricultural remain limited. Water all sectors in economy. Since it main input production, vital importance increasing production. Excessive wit...

As demonstrated in recent empirical litterature on firms’export performances, the international market for goods acts as a screen that selects firms access according to both internal and external factors influencing their productivity. This paper focuses particularly on production costs as a key factor that differenciates non exporting from exporting firms. In a first stage, a general framework...

Many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  Thus, they, in turn, have ha...

introduction: under the principles of international law, no state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause damage to the environment of other states. spatial econometrics provides a powerful tool to assess the influence of the pollution of neighboring countries on a country's pollution level. spatial spillover effects play a significant role in a...

abstract petroleum pollution is one of the most common and dangerous pollutions that is due to petroleum industries such as refineries, and consequently of oil pipes and tanks leak causing environmental pollutions. one of the newest born technologies in this area is phytoremediation, in which plants are used for decreasing of petroleum pollution. this technology is used for remediation of soil,...

We analyze non-cooperative environmental policy when the only strategic interaction between countries is through bilateral transboundary pollution, i.e., countries are closed or small open economies. When countries set pollution taxes simultaneously, there is no carbon leakage. However, in the sequential-move game, the leader sets its pollution tax lower than the marginal damage from own pollut...