www.phil.frb.org Business Review Q4 2003 7 www.phil.frb.org employment in the U.S. is located in metropolitan areas, and these areas account for 24 percent of the total land area of the country. Why is employment so heavily concentrated in selected areas of the country? Economists think that spatial concentration of employment (or, more generally, economic activity) develops for two very differ...

Nowadays, our society is characterized by high levels of social cohesion and cooperation that are in contrast with the selfish nature of human beings. One of the principal challenges for the social sciences is to explain the emergence of agglomeration and cooperative behavior in an environment characterized by egoistic individuals. In this paper we address this long standing problem with the to...

In this article, we explore the issue of industrial agglomeration and its relationship to economic development and growth in the less-developed countries of East Asia. We present theoretical arguments and secondary empirical evidence as to why we should have strong expectations about finding a positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance. We also review evidence from the...

Recent economic analysis of outsourcing has focused on its international dimension. In contrast, this paper considers local outsourcing. The paper specifies and solves a model where the organization of production (vertically integrated or not) and the location of production (agglomerated or not) are jointly determined. The paper shows that agglomeration reduces opportunism, a thick market effec...

Anti-agglomeration is a promising solution for gas hydrate risks in deepsea hydrocarbon flowlines and oil leak captures. Currently ineffectiveness at high water to oil ratios limits such applications. We present experimental results of a new surfactant in rocking cell tests, which show high efficiency at a full range of water to oil ratios; there is no need for presence of the oil phase. We fin...

Urban lakes play an important role in urban development and environmental protection for the Wuhan urban agglomeration. Under the impacts of urbanization and climate change, understanding urban lake-water extent dynamics is significant. However, few studies on the lake-water extent changes for the Wuhan urban agglomeration exist. This research employed 1375 seasonally continuous Landsat TM/ETM+...

Proteins are known to be effective building blocks when it comes to structure formation in aqueous environments. Recently, we have shown that submicron colloidal protein particles can also be used to provide structure to liquid oil and form so-called oleogels ( de Vries , A. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2017 , 486 , 75 - 83 ) . To prevent particle agglomeration, a solvent exchange procedure was us...

The recent episodes of haze in Southeast Asia have caused some of the worst regional atmospheric pollution ever recorded in history. In order to control the levels of airborne fine particulate matters (PM) indoors, filtration systems providing high PM capturing efficiency are often sought, which inadvertently also results in high airflow resistance (or pressure drop) that increases the energy c...

Chemical agglomeration can reduce the particulates (including PM2.5) concentration emitted from fly ash particulates and the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system. However, the calcium-based slurries affect the regulation of agglomeration compared to water, in particular, the wettability of the particulates and the viscosity of the calciumbased slurry. The wettability and the viscosity are...

*Correspondence: Bernhard Gatternig, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Fuerther Str. 244f, Nuremberg 90429, Germany e-mail: bernhard.gatternig@cbi. uni-erlangen.de Agglomeration of the bed material is one of the main obstacles for biomass utilization in fluidized bed combustors. Especially, high-potential fuels such as fast growing energy crops or biogeneous residues are a...