BACKGROUND Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy provides fine resolution imaging and displays morphochemical properties of unstained tissue. Here, we evaluated this technique to delineate and identify brain tumors. METHODS Different human tumors (glioblastoma, brain metastases of melanoma and breast cancer) were induced in an orthotopic mouse model. Cryosections were invest...

In this paper a new reinforcement learning system for generating marshaling plan of freight cars in a train is designed. In the proposed method, the total transfer distance of a locomotive is minimized to obtain the desired layout of freight cars for an outbound train. The order of movements of freight cars, the position for each removed car, the layout of cars in a train and the number of cars...

OBJECTIVE To assess differences between the risk of injury for motorcycle riders before and after the passing of a law allowing licenced car drivers to drive light motorcycles without having to take a special motorcycle driving test. METHODS We carried out a quasi-experimental study involving comparison groups, and a time-series analysis from 1 January 2002 to 30 April 2008. The study group w...

We demonstrate a new approach to coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy that significantly increases the detection sensitivity. CARS signals are generated by collinearly overlapped, tightly focused, and raster scanned pump and Stokes laser beams, whose difference frequency is rapidly modulated. The resulting amplitude modulation of the CARS signal is detected through a lock-in ...

We present an interferometric time-domain Fourier transform implementation of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Based on a single femtosecond laser source, the method provides a straight-forward scheme for obtaining high resolution CARS spectra. We give a theoretical description of the method, and demonstrate good agreement between simulation and experimental CARS spectra. We also d...

Intense CARS spectra were observed in bromine vapour, which could be attributed to resonances in the molecular as well as atomic species. From accurate measurements of frequency positions and polarization dependencies a vibrational overtone sequence Av=2-12, characteristic for resonance CARS, was identified for Br,. Doublets of rotational lines reveal enhancement by discrete transitions between...

T he major role that computational devices play in cars became dramatically apparent last September, when the Environmental Protection Agency announced the results of its investigation into Volkswagen. The EPA discovered that the German automaker had installed software in some of its diesel-engine cars that controlled a system for reducing the emission of environmentally hostile nitrogen oxides...

Advances in vehicle design and fuel quality mean cars can be made cleaner and more efficient. Lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particles (including the fine dust and soot PM10) and hydrocarbons (HCs) also known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will lead to better urban air quality and less summertime smog. Lower emissions of carbon dioxi...

compositional and dynamic management of behavior. Continuing some earlier discussions about the link between this kind of neural models and the conscious appraisal of time (Tani 2004), Tani suggests that when anticipation successively predicts the sensorimotor flow during the execution of a familiar behavioral sequence (e.g. driving on a familiar road), there is nothing to be “conscious” about....