١ Physiology of carrot growth and development Introduction • Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens) originates from the wild forms growing in Europe and southwestern Asia (Banga 1984). • The western type of cultivated carrot is thought to derive from the anthocyanin-containing forms found in Afghanistan. • The first cultivated carrot types were purple or violet; ye...

Mitigating the negative impacts of declining worldwide forest cover remains a significant socio-ecological challenge, due to the dominant role of human decision-making. Here we use a Markov chain model of land-use dynamics to examine the impact of governance on forest cover in a region. Each land parcel can be either forested or barren (deforested), and landowners decide whether to deforest the...

This paper studies the evolution and the co-evolution of both characteristics of reciprocity the willingness to reward friendly behavior and the willingness to punish hostile behavior. Firstly, both preferences for rewarding and preferences for punishing can survive in evolution provided individuals interact within separate groups. This holds even with randomly formed groups and even when indiv...

This study investigates which combination of institutional and infrastructural arrangements positively impact research data sharing reuse in a specific case. We conducted qualitative case the implemented at Delft University Technology Netherlands. In examined case, it was fundamental to change mindset researchers make them aware benefits data. Therefore, should be designed bottom-up used as “ca...

This article examines the distribution of advertising in newspapers Turkey and impact government on allocation, particular, official announcements by partially state-owned enterprises private companies loyal to ruling party, as well pressure other commercial advertisers, during rule Justice Development Party between 2002 2020. It demonstrates that has, last decade, largely used sector a “carrot...

The goals of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) are to enable all legal U.S. residents to have access to affordable health insurance and to prevent sicker individuals (such as those with preexisting conditions) from being priced out of the market. The ACA also instituted several policies to stabilize premiums and to encourage enrollment among healthy individuals of all ages. The law's tax credits an...

Abstract The European Union (EU) often conditions preferential access to its market on compliance with Non-Trade Policy Objectives (NTPOs), including human rights and labor environmental standards. In this paper, we first systematically document the coverage of NTPOs across main tools EU trade policy: (association non-association) agreements Generalized System Preferences (GSP) programs. We the...

How should an organization choose policies to strengthen its relationships with employees and partners? We explore how biased policies arise in relational contracts using a flexible dynamic game between a principal and several agents with unrestricted vertical transfers and symmetric information. If relationships are publicly observed, then optimal policies are never biased– they are always cho...