Background: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for its role in cardiovascular control. It is demonstrated that about 20-30% of the VTA neurons are GABAergic though their role in cardiovascular control is not yet understood. This study is carried out to find the effects of GABA A and GABA B receptors on cardiovascular response of the VTA. Methods: Experiments were performed on uretha...

clinical pharmacy is deemed an integral component of a health care system. the presence of clinical pharmacists in medical rounds could assist physicians in optimizing patients' pharmacotherapy. moreover, clinical pharmacists may reduce adverse effects and medication errors insofar as they contribute significantly to the detection and management of drug-related problems, not least in patients w...

introduction: cardiovascular disease is one of the greatest widespread disease and the prevalence of it is increasing worldwide. our understanding of the role of psychological factors in the incidence of the cardiovascular system has rapidly increased in the past few years. the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cardiovascular disease specific psychotherapy [csp] on the...

Background: Functional hypothalamic menstrual disorder (FHMD) has a destructive effect on the athlete’s bone mineral density and cardiovascular system. Utilizing hormone replacement therapy to treat FHMD in athletes is controversial. This study was conducted to examine the effect of hormone therapy on bone density and the cardiovascular system of professional female athletes with FHMD. ...