The majority of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell research has focused on attacking cancer cells. Here, we show that targeting the tumor-promoting, nontransformed stromal cells using CAR T cells may offer several advantages. We developed a retroviral CAR construct specific for the mouse fibroblast activation protein (FAP), comprising a single-chain Fv FAP [monoclonal antibody (mAb) 73.3] w...

Nonylphenol (NP) and its parent compounds, the nonylphenol ethoxylates are some of the most prevalent chemicals found in U.S. waterways. NP is also resistant to biodegradation and is a known environmental estrogen, which makes NP a chemical of concern. Our data show that NP also activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), an orphan nuclear receptor important in the induction of detoxi...

BACKGROUND The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of thi...

Following immune attack, solid tumors upregulate coinhibitory ligands that bind to inhibitory receptors on T cells. This adaptive resistance compromises the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, which redirect T cells to solid tumors. Here, we investigated whether programmed death-1-mediated (PD-1-mediated) T cell exhaustion affects mesothelin-targeted CAR T cells and ex...

This paper presents the application of Parallel Genetic Algorithm (PGA)-based Takagi Sugeno Kang (TSK)-Fuzzy approach for dynamic car-following modeling in the traffic simulation software. It differs from the usual car-following model significantly as the proposed model provides a more dynamic car movement and realistic headway by considering the driver progressive level factor. These two advan...

This paper addresses the problem of on-line path following for a car working in unstructured outdoor environments. The partially known map of the environment is updated and expanded in real time by a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm. This information is used to implement global path planning. A cost graph is initially constructed followed by a search to find the near-optim...

We present a method to derive macroscopic fluid-dynamic models from microscopic car-following models via a coarse-graining procedure. The method is first demonstrated for the optimal velocity model. The derived macroscopic model consists of a conservation equation and a momentum equation, and the latter contains a relaxation term, an anticipation term, and a diffusion term. Properties of the re...

A desired-speed car-following model is proposed in this paper. The driver’s desired speed is considered so that the model can reflect the driver’s characteristics and the difference between drivers. The model can explain why different drivers maintain different speeds or spacing under the same condition. The necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are discussed, and they indicate that...

30 This paper attempts to showcase the benefits and merits of using artificial intelligence techniques 31 in transportation applications. The example we use in this paper is modeling of a car-following 32 trajectory data and comparing the machine learning approach to regression analysis. For the 33 machine learning approach, we use Neuro-Fuzzy Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning 34 (NFACRL). We...