Urban canopy models (UCMs) are being used as urban-climate prediction tools for different applications including outdoor thermal comfort and building energy consumption. To take advantage of their low computational cost, UCMs are often forced offline without being coupled to mesoscale atmospheric simulations, which requires access to meteorological information above the urban canopy layer. This...

Large-eddy simulations (LESs) were performed for neutrally-stratified turbulent flows within and above a homogeneous plant canopy. 100 realizations of a three-dimensional turbulence field obtained from each of four LES runs, which di¤er in the driving force of the flow and the size of computational domain, were used in the present study. A conditional sampling technique was used to construct en...

Abstract. Rangeland vegetation dynamics encompass all processes of changes in vegetation composition and structure over time. Investigating the rangeland ecosystem dynamics makes it possible to determine the effects of climatic and management conditions on qualitative and quantitative changes of the vegetation in a specific period of time. Accordingly, data collection and measurements for evalu...

Polarimetric Xand C-band measurements by the University of Sheffield ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) indoor system provide three-dimensional images of the scattering processes in wheat canopies, at resolutions of around a wavelength (3–6 cm). The scattering shows a pronounced layered structure, with strong returns from the soil and the flag leaves, and in some cases a second leaf...

Intake of animals grazing grass pasture is in part infl uenced by canopy density. Our objective was to determine the vertical distribution of dry matter and neutral detergent fi ber (NDF) within temperate perennial grass swards. The study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 on a Plano silt loam (fi ne-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls). When leaf height of each grass reached 25 cm in...

The aim of this paper was to estimate the influence of deposition of N, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn Cd, and Pb from under canopy in comparison with open space waters on the elemental composition of the moss layer to test the hypothesis that Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. growing under the influence of canopy throughfall of Quercus robur contain hig...

The adjustment of pesticide dose rates according to canopy size and leaf area density is not encouraged by current label formulations. However, experimental evidence shows that the application of a constant dose per unit ground area consistently results in average foliar deposits that are inversely proportional to the leaf area index (LAI) of the crop. Several methods for dose rate adjustment h...

Dennstaedtia punctilobula and Thelypteris noveboracensis are two native species that often arrest forest succession and reduce understory diversity. As part of a project to examine the feedback between forest understory and canopy dynamics, we studied the patterns of distribution and dynamics of these two fern species in an oak-transition hardwoods-hemlock forest. Dennstaedtia was least abundan...

In this paper, an assessment of a method using a correlation filter over a lidar-derived digital canopy height model (CHM) is presented. The objective of the procedure is to obtain stem density, position, and height values, on a stand with the following characteristics: ellipsoidal canopy shape (Pinus pinaster), even-aged and single-layer structure. The process consists of three steps: extracti...