All commercially available integrase inhibitors are 2-metal binders and may be affected by co-administration with metal cations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium and iron supplements on dolutegravir pharmacokinetics and strategies (dose separation and food) to attenuate the effects if significant reductions in dolutegravir exposure were observed. This was an open-...

BACKGROUND Natural biomaterials from bone-like minerals derived from avian eggshells have been considered as promising bone substitutes owing to their biodegradability, abundance, and lower price in comparison with synthetic biomaterials. However, cell adhesion to bulk biomaterials is poor and surface modifications are required to improve biomaterial-cell interaction. Three-dimensional (3D) nan...

[1] We compiled and standardized sediment trap data below 1000 m depth from 52 locations around the globe to infer the implications of the Armstrong et al. [2002] ‘‘ballast’’ model to the ratio of organic carbon to calcium carbonate in the deep sea (the rain ratio). We distinguished three forms of mineral ballast: calcium carbonate, opal, and lithogenic material. We concur with Armstrong et al....

3. The microscopic structure of the egg envelopes is described. The egg is covered by three main envelopes: a hard, brittle exochorion built of seven distinct layers, two of which consist almost solely of calcium salts; a double-layered, membranous endochorion; a thin vitelline membrane. Layers of the chorion may be summarized as follows: (i) exochorion—tubercular layer, dark layer, lamellar me...

The influence of mineral substrate composition and structure on bacterial calcium carbonate productivity and polymorph selection was studied. Bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation occurred on calcitic (Iceland spar single crystals, marble, and porous limestone) and silicate (glass coverslips, porous sintered glass, and quartz sandstone) substrates following culturing in liquid medium (M-3P)...

The processing of seawater by the marine teleost fi sh intestine includes high rates of base (bicarbonate) secretion into the intestinal fl uids. The resulting high bicarbonate concentrations in the intestinal fl uids combine with the calcium in the ingested seawater to form calcium carbonate crystals. This process is important for the salt and water balance of the marine teleost fi sh and lead...