introduction: neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. the hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. estrogen receptors (ers) are highly expressed in ca1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. estradiol receptor belong to a family of t...

Abnormal synaptic transmission has been hypothesized to be a cause of neuronal death resulting from transient ischemia, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we present evidence that synapses are markedly modified in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. Using both conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy, we performed two- and three-dimensional analyses ...

Approximately, half of the patients with progressive sepsis develop encephalopathy, but there is scarce knowledge onto question that how the sepsis associated encephalopathy contributes brain dysfunction. Hippocampus is one of the most vulnerable regions during experimental sepsis. In the present study, effects of sepsis on the neuronal density and morphology in CA1, CA3 and DG areas were inves...

Although the risk factor for apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been well described, the role that apoE plays in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Pick's disease, is not well established. To examine a possible role of apoE in Pick's disease, an immunohistochemical analysis was performed utilizing a novel site-directed antibody that is specific for an ...

PURPOSE: The present study aimed at studying the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 area on the locomotor activity of rats with olfactory bulbectomy. Hippocampus has been chosen as it is a region with high VIP receptor density as well as a brain structure implicated in many types of disorders, including depression. MATERIAL AND MET...

The hippocampus plays a major role in learning and memory and its morphology and function are readily affected by gonadal hormones in female non-human primates. We sought to determine whether the gonads also affect pyramidal cell spine synapse density in the CA1 hippocampal area of male primates. Unbiased electron microscopic stereological calculations were performed to determine the volumetric...

The activity of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key mechanism in mesolimbic reward processing that has modulatory effects on different diencephalic structures like hippocampus (HIP), and receives inhibitory feedback and excitatory feed forward control. In addition, within the hippocampus, DA receptors are mostly located in the dorsal part (CA1) and dopa...