This chapter gives an introduction to protocols for state-machine replication in groups that are connected by asynchronous networks and whose members are subject to arbitrary or “Byzantine” faults. It explains the principles of such protocols and covers the following topics: broadcast primitives, distributed cryptosystems, randomized Byzantine agreement protocols, and atomic broadcast protocols.

We present a simple, efficient, and self-contained construction of a wait-free regular register from Byzantine storage components. Our construction utilizes a novel building block, called 1-regular register, which can be implemented from Byzantine fault-prone components with the same round complexity as a safe register, and with only a slight increase in storage space.

In a Byzantine agreement protocol, a synchronous network of n interconnected processes of which t may be faulty, starts with an initial binary value associated with each process; after exchanging messages, all correct processes must agree on one of the initial values of the non-faulty processes. If the network consists of only unicast channels (i.e. a 2-uniform hypergraph), then Byzantine agree...

Modern networks assemble an ever growing number of nodes. However, it remains difficult to increase the number of channels per node, thus the maximal degree of the network may be bounded. This is typically the case in grid topology networks, where each node has at most four neighbors. In this paper, we address the following issue: if each node is likely to fail in an unpredictable manner, how c...

The aim of this paper is to propose a reinterpretation the meaning lost colossus Constantine Great from Forum his name in Constantinople, light iconography emperor on cameo cathedral Pomeranian town Cammin. Although gem was during last war, it known us thanks archival photographs and plaster cast housed at Göttingen University. On basis, Gerda Bruns associated jewel with statue porphyry column ...

The Sundanese script is one of Indonesia’s traditional scripts. existence still being preserved by cultural activists and the literacy community, which through calligraphy in script. This article will analyze Edi Dolan posted on his social media. that be discussed form puppets, animals, humans. reviewed an iconographic approach. Iconography has three levels analyzing objects, namely (1) Pre-ico...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae), is an important fruit vegetable in the warmer regions of the world. Watermelons were illustrated in Mediterranean Antiquity, but not as frequently as some other cucurbits. Little is known concerning the watermelons of Mediterranean Europe during medieval times. With the objective of obtaining an improved understanding of wat...

Gathering a group of mobile agents is a fundamental task in the field of distributed and mobile systems. This can be made drastically more difficult to achieve when some agents are subject to faults, especially the Byzantine ones that are known as being the worst faults to handle. In this paper we study, from a deterministic point of view, the task of Byzantine gathering in a network modeled as...