When anticipating the future, we draw on our past experience but must take uncertainty into account; for example, while preparing for a trip, we might pack a raincoat and sunglasses because of unpredictable weather. New research shows that the ability to plan for multiple future possibilities may be present in human children from as early as 3-4 years of age, but appears to be lacking in non-hu...

The hallmark of the theory of repeated games with full monitoring is the Folk Theorem, which states that the set of subgame-perfect discounted equilibrium payoffs converges to the set of feasible and individually rational payoffs as the discount factor goes to 1. In practice, more often than not players do not observe each other’s actions, but rather some signal that depends on the vector of ch...

This paper gives an overview of the INEX 2010 Ad Hoc Track. The main goals of the Ad Hoc Track were three-fold. The first goal was to study focused retrieval under resource restricted conditions such as a small screen mobile device or a document summary on a hitlist. This leads to variants of the focused retrieval tasks that address the impact of result length/reading effort, thinking of focuse...

Classical debates, recently rejoined, rage over the question of whether we want our political outcomes to be right or whether we want them to be fair. Democracy can be (and has been) justified in either way, or both at once. For epistemic democrats, the aim of democracy is to "track the truth." 1 For them, democracy is more desirable than alternative forms of decision-making because, and insofa...

Physician-written "do not resuscitate" DNR orders elicit negative reactions from stakeholders that may decrease appropriate end-of-life care. The semantic significance of the phrase has led to a proposed replacement of DNR with "allow natural death" (AND). Prior to this investigation, no scientific papers address the impact of such a change. Our results support this proposition due to increased...

Time delay spread and path loss measurements were performed in a large, active train yard to support development of intra-yard wireless communication systems, such as those intended to communicate with individual railcars and for track-to-terminal communications. Propagation measurements focused on three sites within the train yard: a close-in site, a paralleltrack site, and a cross-track site....

This document specifies tests to determine if multiple independent instantiations of a performance-metric RFC have implemented the specifications in the same way. This is the performance-metric equivalent of interoperability, required to advance RFCs along the Standards Track. Results from different implementations of metric RFCs will be collected under the same underlying network conditions an...