Pricing should speed up the substitution of low cost electronic payments for expensive paper-based transactions and cash. But by how much? Norway has explicitly priced individual payment transactions and rapidly shifted to electronic payments while the Netherlands has experienced the same shift without direct pricing. Controlling for differences between countries, we estimate the incremental ef...

Matching frictions imply the value of being unemployed depends on the stream of future UI payments. The sooner a worker's eligibility to UI payments expires, the lower the value to remaining unemployed. In the moral hazard literature, declining UI payments are used to trigger greater search e®ort. Here declining UI payments undermine the worker's bargaining position and (partially) corrects the...

October-December 1951 but declined gram amounting to $9.3 billion for 17.2 percent from that for the third 1952. quarter of 1952. The increases resulted The estimated number of employers from the growth in economic activity; paying taxable wages was about 3.6 the declines followed the seasonal patmillion in each quarter from the betern observed in past years and reginning of 1952 through Januar...

In many developing countries, public patients offer payments to their doctors outside the official payment channels. We argue that the fundamental reason for these informal payments is that formal prices cannot fully differentiate patients’ various needs. We compare patient welfare and social efficiency when informal payments are allowed with the scenario when they are banned. Patient heterogen...

PRIVATE consumer expenditures for medical care amounted to almost. $22 billion in 1962. Approximately $14 billion, or 66 percent of t,he total, represented direct payments by consumers ; the remaining $8 billion was in the form of payments for health insurance. The aggregate amount of the increase from 1961 was almost $1.2 billion or 5.8 percent. Direct payments rose only 2.2 percent, and healt...

This analysis utilizes farm-level data to evaluate the extent to which U.S. farm program benefits, particularly direct payments, bring about distortions in production. The issue is important in WTO negotiations and in the debate over the distortionary effects of decoupled (“green-box”) payments. Our results suggest that the distortions brought about by AMTA payments, though statistically signif...

Background: Out-of-pocket and informal payments are considered as 2 most important topics for equity in health care financing. Therfore, this study was conducted to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of these payments in Iran's health care system. Methods: Required data were collected through searching the following key terms: "Unofficial", "Informal Payment", "Iran", "Health Fin...

under the table or informal payments in several middle and low income countries is a serious impediment to health care reform. these payments are effectively a form of systemic corruption. this report shows the efforts of a patient who seek health care for his ankle while being requested to pay under the table in hospital and private clinic. the data were collected by interview and surveying pa...

IMPORTANCE Under bundled payment programs, hospitals receive a single payment for all services provided surrounding an episode of care. Because health care providers, such as hospitals and physicians, accept more financial risk under these programs, they will need a better understanding of episode costs to identify areas to target improvements in quality and cost-efficiency. OBJECTIVE To exam...