We report the first measurement of the dynamics of bubble formation in double-stranded DNA. Fluctuations of fluorescence of a synthetic DNA construct, internally tagged with a fluorophore and a quencher, are monitored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relaxation dynamics follow a multistate relaxation kinetics, with a characteristic time scale of 50 microseconds. A simple model of b...

This paper deals with the two-state (opening-closing of base pairs) model used to describe the fluctuation dynamics of a single bubble formation. We present an exact solution for the discrete and finite size version of the model that includes end effects and derive analytic expressions of the correlation function, survival probability, and lifetimes for the bubble relaxation dynamics. It is sho...

We present the results of laboratory experiments that quantify the physical controls on the thickness of the falling film of liquid around a Taylor bubble, when liquid–gas interfacial tension can be neglected. We find that the dimensionless film thickness l′ (the ratio of the film thickness to the pipe radius) is a function only of the dimensionless parameter Nf = r √ gD3/m, where r is the liqu...

To reduce the invasiveness of cryosurgery, a miniaturized cryoprobe is necessary. The authors have developed an ultrafine cryoprobe for realizing low-invasive cryosurgery by local freezing. The objectives of this study are to estimate the heat transfer coefficient and investigate the characteristics of the phase change heat transfer in the ultrafine cryoprobe. This cryoprobe has a double-tube s...

Nanobubbles (NBs) opened a new field of ultrasound imaging. There is still no practical method to control the diameter of bubbles. In this study, we developed a new method to control the size by incorporating of silicon hybrid lipids into the bubble membrane. The range of particle size of resulting NBs is between 523.02 ± 46.45 to 857.18 ± 82.90, smaller than the conventional microbubbles. The ...

Recent studies show that individual investors tend to speculate on stock markets and hold shares with a lottery-like return. For this speculation of people have a significant impact on stock returns, individual investors must trade the same shares with the same time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the speculative bubble on the stock returns of companies in Iran. Foll...

Bubble formation in the conduits of woody plants sets a challenge for uninterrupted water transportation from the soil up to the canopy. Freezing and thawing of stems has been shown to increase the number of air-filled (embolized) conduits, especially in trees with large conduit diameters. Despite numerous experimental studies, the mechanisms leading to bubble formation during freezing have not...