THE manufacturing industry in particular has been home to considerable activity in recent years targeting new innovations based on the IoT. This has included standardization initiatives and the creation of ecosystems that tie together the manufacturing and IT industries, with the launch in the USA of the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) led by General Electric Company (GE), and the launch i...

Pain can be broadly divided into 3 classes, including nociceptive or inflammatory pain (protective), neuropathic (pathological, occurring after damage to the nervous system), or centralized (pathological, due to abnormal function but with no damage or inflammation to the nervous system). The latter has been posited to occur when descending analgesic pathways are attenuated and/or glutamatergic ...

Thermal hazards can be broadly divided into two categories: energy released during desired reaction and energy released during unwanted reaction. The first of these encompasses enthalpies of reaction, crystallisation, melting, and dissolution whilst the second is usually associated with heats of decomposition reaction. The majority of incidents are caused by either equipment failure (e.g. loss ...

Introduction Skin is a complex, multi-layered material which exhibits non-linear, anisotropic and viscoelastic behaviour. Its structure is complex and can be broadly divided into three main layers: the epidermis, the dermis and hypodermis. The thickest of these layers, the dermis, consists of strong stiff collagen fibres which govern many of the mechanical properties of human skin [1]. The mech...

The methods for extending binary support vectors machines (SVMs) can be broadly divided into two categories, namely, 1-v-r (one versus rest) and 1-v-1 (one versus one). The 1-v-r approach tends to have higher training time, while 1-v-1 approaches tend to create a large number of binary classifiers that need to be analyzed and stored during the operational phase. This paper describes how rough s...

Broadly speaking, MR imaging techniques can be divided into two groups: those that use extrinsic contrast agents and those that do not. Contrast-enhanced methods for imaging angiogenesis: • Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI using low molecular weight agents (<1,000 Daltons) that rapidly diffuse in the extracellular fluid space (ECF agents) • DCE-MRI using large-molecular agents (>30,000 Dalto...

Genetic haemoglobin disorders are broadly divided into thalassaemia syndromes and abnormal haemoglobins. Thalassaemias are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis in which one or more globin chains are either not produced at all (β) or are produced at a reduced rate (β). These are classified according to the type of globin chain(s) affected. The abnormal haemoglobi...

The variation in composition and daily yield of milk is a regular phenomenon in all milking animals. Broadly, the factors which are responsible for such variations can be divided into (1) Physiological, which will be governed by the genetical make up and (2) Environmental, such as age, number of previous lactations, pregnancy, nutrition status, etc. The dairyman has hardly got any control over ...

In the last ten years there has been an explosion in plant virus outbreaks, because of either direct or indirect activities of humans. The ease of transporting plant materials and virus vectors, and collecting relatives of crop plants from the wild, has spread viruses widely throughout the world. The most important step in managing a virus disease is correct identification. Tests for diagnosis ...

Traditionally, researches in financial markets were broadly divided into two camps: fundamental and technical analysis. Fundamental analysts assume that assets, such as shares, have intrinsic values, which they attempt to assess. The value of a company’s shares is determined by all the factors that could affect the company’s future profitability. These include the company’s operation as well as...