background: universities play an important role in training people to meet the community demands for skilled manpower. furthermore, it is a fact known that universities do most of the research projects in iran and in most countries through out the world. it is, therefore, important to know about teaching and research productivity in universities and to determine this productivity. theoretically...

this survey was carried out on children less than five years of age from rural areas of three provinces in iran (west azarbaijan, bushehre, and central province), with different health care delivery systems and various types of immunization scheme, to determine the immune status of measles and the vaccine coverage. our results indicate that the rates of measles immunity and vaccine coverage for...

the teratogenicity of cadmium exposure was studied in virgin nimri rats aged 10-13 weeks. pregnant animals were fed cadmium sulfate equivalent to doses of 1,4 and 7 mg/kg/day of cadmium by oral gavage on the day 7 of gestation. on the day 18 of gestation, fetuses were delivered and examined for external and skeletal malformations. total percent of malformed fetuses in rats treated by different ...

the educational system is designed for some students’ kind of minds (e.g., those with strengths in attention, memory, language, social skills), for others, it is a daily struggle. unfortunately, the academic setting rarely accounts for this variability. regardless, at some point in time (for whatever reason), almost all students “hit a wall” (or face a challenge) which can make them doubt wheth...

human infection with echinococcus granulosis is a common disease throughout south america, the mediterranean littoral, the middle east, central asia and east africa, which usually occur in children and young adults. formation of avascular cystic lesions in the liver, kidney, pancreas, bones, vitreus and brain can cause protean of signs and symptoms. intracranial cysts usually present with focal...

the role of competition in healthcare is much debated. despite a wealth of international experience in relation to competition, evidence is mixed and contested and the debate about the potential role for competition is often polarised. this paper considers briefly some of the reasons for this, focusing on what is meant by “competition in healthcare” and why it is more valuable to think about th...

the term “system” is defined as «elements standing interaction». this implies that a change in any given element should bring about changes in other elements of the system and thus may be used to identify the boundaries of a system. a system can be a machine, a man, or a community. each of these may be part of a greater system (super system) or include several smaller systems (subsystems). syst...