Brainstem encephalitis has long proved complex and cyptic, but the waters are beginning to clear. Six decades ago, Edwin Bickerstaff (1921–2008), writing from Birmingham with Professor Philip Cloake (1890–1969), described three cases of ‘mesencephalitis and rhombencephalitis’ (Bickerstaff and Cloak, 1951). Each individual presented with a brainstem oculomotor disturbance, other cranial neuropat...

the histopathological findings include as following: gliosis (52%), neuronal necrosis (37%), perivascular cuffing (5.4%), hyperemia and hemorrhage in cerebral tissues (32.9%), hyperemia and hemorrhage in meninge(19.2%), prevascullar and preneuronal edema (52%), meningial edema (16.4%), vacuole in neurons (2.7%), vacuoleinneuropil( 8.2% ),protozoal cyct(5.4%). frequency of fetal brain lesions co...

Objective To identify autoimmune encephalitis (AE) mimics and clinical features reported in the literature. Background Recent evidence suggesting that AE is as frequent infectious has increased awareness testing for immune-mediated causes of neurological impairment. Consistent with this theme, several publications have focused on patients whom a diagnosis was initially overlooked. On contrary, ...

A pediatric case with Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE), which is a very rare monophasic post-infectious condition characterized by central nervous system involvement, unconsciousness, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia, presented. Twelve years old patient was brought difficulty in eye movements ataxia. On the second day, she became agitated lethargic, then bulbar palsy whole body paralysis de...

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis, with significant morbidity and mortality that are effectively reduced by antiviral treatment. Herpes simplex infection in pregnant women rarely results in encephalitis. The most common symptoms of a pregnant woman with herpes simplex infection are colds and skin vesicles. Herpetic encephalitis...

background and aim: neonatal jaundice is one of the common causes of early sensori­neural hearing loss and an important cause of deafness in children. auditory responses are the most sensitive parts of the nervous system to the toxic effect of bilirubin. this study was aimed to examine the effect of neonatal hyperbili­rubinemia and its treatment on auditory brain­stem responses (abr). methods: ...

Objective To present an unusual cerebellar imaging finding of a patient with clinical features BBE Background is characterized by progressive ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and impaired consciousness. Magnetic resonance (MRI) the brain usually normal. However, rare T2 Flair changes have been reported. Scarcity findings on led to controversy peripheral vs central etiology for ataxia. Despite other moda...