The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly restrictive that preserves central nervous system homeostasis and ensures optimal brain functioning. Using BBB cell assays makes it possible to investigate whether compound likely compromise BBBs functionality, thereby probably resulting in neurotoxicity. Recently, several protocols obtain human brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) from induced pluripot...

The historical development of nanoparticles starting with Paul Ehrlich and then first attempts by Ursula Scheffel and colleagues and the extensive work by the group of Professor Peter Speiser at the ETH Zürich in the late 1960s and early 1970s are described from a personal point of view. Special attention is given to the years between 1970 and the early 1980s. Further developments resulting fro...

When food is restricted to a few hours daily, animals increase their locomotor activity 2-3 h before food access, which has been termed food anticipatory activity. Food entrainment has been linked to the expression of a circadian food-entrained oscillator (FEO) and the anatomic substrate of this oscillator seems to depend on diverse neural systems and peripheral organs. Previously, we have desc...

OBJECTIVE To provide information about activation of descending motor pathways in humans, motor evoked potentials were obtained from 16 patients without any sensorimotor deficit, after both cortical and brain stem stimulation. METHOD Total anesthesia was achieved in all patients through intravenous administration. Short trains of one to five electrical pulses were delivered separately to the ...

BACKGROUND One aspect of brain death is cardiovascular deregulation because asystole invariably occurs shortly after its diagnosis. A suitable neural substrate for mechanistic delineation of this aspect of brain death resides in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). RVLM is the origin of a life-and-death signal that our laboratory detected from blood pressure of comatose patients that disap...

Brain gliomas, one of the most fatal tumors to human, severely threat the health and life of human. They are capable of extremely strong invasion ability. And invasive glioma cells could rapidly penetrate into normal brain tissues and break them. We prepared a kind of functional liposomes, which could be transported acrossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and afterwards induce the apoptosis of ...

OBJECTIVES To explore the clinical therapeutic effects and safety of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy for traumatic brain injury by lumbar puncture. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 97 patients (24 with persistent vegetative state and 73 with disturbance motor activity) who developed a complex cerebral lesion after traumatic brain injury received autologous bone marrow mes...

Here, we review the stem cell hallmarks of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) during development and in some niches of the adult mammalian brain to then compare these with reactive astrocytes acquiring stem cell hallmarks after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Notably, even endogenous NSCs including the earliest NSCs, the neuroepithelial cells, generate in most cases only a single type of ...

We studied disruption of the blood-brain barrier after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage induced by an injection of 4 ml autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna of rabbits. The animals were killed at 40 minutes, 6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, or 6 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. We assessed the integrity of the barrier function of intraparenchymal vessels in the ventral brain ...

OBJECTIVE Among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), sleep disturbances are common and serious noncognitive symptoms. Previous studies of AD patients have identified deformations in the brain stem, which may play an important role in the regulation of sleep. The aim of this study was to further investigate the relationship between sleep disturbances and alterations in brain stem morphology i...