As so many students of bioelectrical phenomenona frequently remind us, it was Luigi Galvani who first reported his experiments in applying electrical currents to contract the muscles of frogs and sheep . Numerous attempts have since been undertaken to utilize that phenomenon for a variety of therapeutic purposes, many of them quite successful . One of the most notable is the heart pacemaker. El...

this study was conducted on 48 specimens of rectus abdominis muscles for recognition and definition of passage and ramification of lower intercostal nerves. the main results of this study are as follows: 1- the seventh and eight intercostal nerves penetrated to posterior layer of the rectus sheath while other intercostal nerves perforated to dorsal layer of internal oblique abdominis aponeurosi...

Glioblastoma developed from cranial nerves are extremely rare. We report the case of a 71-year-old woman with glioblastoma arising both trigeminal root entry zones and Internal Auditory Canal (IAC) nerves.

The blood-feeding bug Rhodnius prolixus ingests a large blood meal, and this is followed by a rapid diuresis to eliminate excess water and salt. Previous studies have demonstrated that serotonin and an unidentified peptide act as diuretic factors. In other insects, members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide family have been shown to play a role in post-feeding diuresis....

Machine vision has been thoroughly studied in the past, but research thus far lacked an engineering perspective on human vision. This paper addresses observed and hypothetical neural behavior of brain relation to visual system. In a system, data are collected by photoreceptors eye, these then transmitted rear for processing. There millions retinal various types, their signals must be unscramble...

We thank Dr. Krishnadas for his interest in our manuscript “Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonism Normalizes Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Alcohol Dependence” and his questions about the mechanisms that transduce peripheral blockade of proinflammatory cytokine activity (e.g., admininstration of an antagonist of tumor necrosis factor) to alterations in brain function and behavior (e.g., sleep). Althoug...

Autonomic nerves regulate important functions in visceral organs, including the lung. The postganglionic portion of these nerves is ensheathed by glial cells known as non-myelinating Schwann cells. In the brain, glia play important functional roles in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and maintenance of the blood brain barrier. Similarly, enteric glia are now known to have analogous roles i...