The health of fish can be affected by environmental factors (stress), nutrition as well as by pathogens. Stress in fish may be induced by various abiotic environmental factors such as changes in water temperature, pH, oxygen concentration and water pollutants including pesticides, insecticides (Meier et al., 1983; Lebelo et al., 2001), petroleum products and heavy metals (Witeska, 1999). Biotic...

The introduction of microchemical methods has made possible many biological investigations which were formerly precluded by the di5culty of obtaining sufficient amounts of material. This has been the case with studies on the blood and urine of fish. The only accurate quantitative chemical data are found in the recent papers of Dr. Denis’ on marine fish, where she reports results which indicate ...

In 1921 Nash and Benedict (11) advanced the hypothesis that urinary ammonia is formed in the kidney from some precursor in the blood. This conclusion was based upon the observation that the concentration of ammonia was higher in the renal vein than in the renal artery, that the quantity of ammonia in arterial blood was too small to supply the ammonia found in the urine, and that the arterial am...

Data of 42 balance measurements from dry and lactating Holstein cows and blood and urine samples from 24 Japanese Black cows were collected to evaluate the potential for predicting urinary nitrogen (N) excretion from plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Similar positive correlations were obtained between N intake and apparent N absorption in dry and lactating cows. The regression equations of N intake o...

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperammonemic efficacy of Withania somnifera root, which has been used in Indian traditional medicine for many centuries. We studied the effect of oral administration of powdered root of W. somnifera (500 mg/kg; b.wt) on blood ammonia, plasma urea, uric acid, non-protein nitrogen and serum creatinine in control and ammonium chloride (AC) ...

Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of Eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) leaf meal (ELM) supplementation as a rumen enhancer on feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics. The dietary treatments were as follows: T1 = 0 g ELM/hd/d; T2 = 40 g ELM/hd/d; T3 = 80 g ELM/hd/d; T4 = 120 g ELM/hd/d, respective...

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS...

Bloodurea nitrogen values predicted from this series varied from 212.5 to 175 mg/L, decreasing with increasing hematocrit. For 50 randomly selected samples whole-blood urea nitrogen values determined by using the slide with the Kodak Ektachem DT6O analyzer group correlated well with those determined by urease conductivity comparison (slope = 0.988, intercept = -3.7 mg/L, r = 0.994, S = 5.8 mgfL...

Disorders of the urea cycle are secondary to a defect in the system that converts ammonia into urea, resulting in accumulation of ammonia and other products. This results in encephalopathy, coma, and death if not recognized and treated rapidly. Late-onset urea cycle disorders may be precipitated by acute disease and can be difficult to recognize because patients are already ill. Diagnosis of ur...