There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode share. In addition issues like road congestion, noise, accident rate and especially pollutant emissions result not only in external costs to society but also in high logistical costs to customers of transport services. The present paper proposes an assessment model to evaluate final internal and external costs of transport chains served by road a...

A dynamically motivated statistical forecasting scheme for eastern Mediterranean winter rainfall is presented. The scheme is based on North Atlantic sea level pressure precursors. The resulting forecasts are robust and statistically significant at ;13 months lead time, and improve at ;7 months lead. It is suggested that these forecasts form a foundation for an operational early-warning system f...

Changing sea level is a major factor in the pattern of enrichment of organic carbon in marginal and epicontinental seas. Organiccarbon-rich facies accumulate preferentially during major transgressive episodes. Rising sea level promotes retention of nutrients in marginal seas through several possible mechanisms, leading to higher organic production and/or eutrophic conditions. Transgressive seas...

The Pacific Walker circulation is a large overturning cell that spans the tropical Pacific Ocean, characterized by rising motion (lower sea-level pressure) over Indonesia and sinking motion (higher sea level-pressure) over the eastern Pacific1,2. Fluctuations in the Walker circulation reflect changes in the location and strength of tropical heating, so related circulation anomalies have global ...

one of the most important atmospheric systems in the eurasian continent during the northern hemisphere winter season is the siberian high pressure. in this study, using the ncep/ncar reanalysis data for winters of 1948-2008, trend of changes in the intensity of the high system center and its effects on some meteorological fields are investigated. the results show that the 2m height mean tempera...

Abstract. Coastal trapped waves (CTW) are a major mechanism to distribute energy from the atmosphere in ocean and play significant role large-scale, low-frequency sea-level current variability continental shelf slope areas. Despite their significance for coastal dynamics, observational evidence of influence CTWs on large-scale circulation is rather limited. In this study, mode-1 that were captu...

Algerian eddies are the strongest and largest propagating mesoscale structures in the Western Mediterranean Sea. They have a large influence on the mean circulation, water masses and biological processes. Over 20 years of satellite altimeter data have been analyzed to characterize the propagation of these eddies using automatic detection methods and cross-correlation analysis. We found that, on...