Testentwurfsverfahren werden in die beiden Kategorien White-Box und Black-Box eingeteilt. Die Black-Box-Verfahren setzen auf der Spezifikation auf, um daraus systematisch Testfälle abzuleiten. Die White-Box-Verfahren nutzen hierfür zusätzlich den Programmtext. Oft werden beide als gleichwertig angesehen, wobei die White-BoxVerfahren eher auf den unteren Teststufen (Komponentenund Integrationste...

BACKGROUND Breast cancer incidence is higher among black women than white women before age 40 years, but higher among white women than black women after age 40 years (black-white crossover). We used newly available population-based data to examine whether the age-specific incidences of breast cancer subtypes vary by race and ethnicity. METHODS We classified 91908 invasive breast cancers diagn...

UNLABELLED Chinese translation BACKGROUND Black persons are more likely than white persons to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and to die from it. The extent to which genetic or biological factors versus disparities in screening rates explain this variance remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To define the prevalence and location of presymptomatic advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN) among wh...

OBJECTIVES  To estimate differences in annual income of physicians in the United States by race and sex adjusted for characteristics of physicians and practices. DESIGN  Cross sectional survey study. SETTING  Nationally representative samples of US physicians. PARTICIPANTS  The 2000-13 American Community Survey (ACS) included 43 213 white male, 1698 black male, 15 164 white female, and 12...

Ethnicity may influence treatment decisions in mental disorders. We undertook a survey of the prescribing of antipsychotics for in-patients in three south London mental health trusts. A total of 255 patients (152 White, 103 Black) were included. Median dose of antipsychotic (% of licensed dose) was 58.3% for White and 50.0% for Black patients (adjusted effect size=0.14, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.63). H...

Black Africans have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than white Europeans. We explored potential mechanisms of this excess risk by assessing endothelium function, inflammatory status (C-reactive protein), oxidative stress (isoprostane-F2alpha), and plasma asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA; an endogenous competitive inhibitor of NO synthase) in each ethnic group. Thirty healthy bl...

BACKGROUND Sexual health entails the absence of disease and the ability to lead a pleasurable and safe sex life. In Britain, ethnic inequalities in diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections (STI) persist; however, the reasons for these inequalities, and ethnic variations in other markers of sexual health, remain poorly understood. We investigated ethnic differences in hypothesised explanator...

Background: The Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the health effect of educational attainment is considerably smaller for members of racial and ethnic minority groups than for Whites. Objective: The current study explored the racial and ethnic differences in the association between educational attainment and Breast Physical Exam (...

Background: The literature on Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) have shown worse than expected health of the members of racial and ethnic minority groups particularly Blacks. Theoretically, this effect can be in part due to weaker effects of educational attainment on preventive care and disease management in highly educated racial and ethnic minorities. Object...

The United States has made progress in decreasing the black-white gap in civil rights, housing, education, and income since 1960, but health inequalities persist. We examined trends in black-white standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each age-sex group from 1960 to 2000. The black-white gap measured by SMR changed very little between 1960 and 2000 and actually worsened for infants and for A...