RATIONALE Despite undergoing transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI), many patients complain of persisting cervical radicular pain. For the management of chronic cervical radicular pain, clinicians are widely applying pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) stimulation to dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). To enhance the effect of PRF stimulation, we conducted bipolar PRF stimulation in 2 patients wit...

It is commonly claimed that achieving maximum power from a thermoelectric generator necessitates electrical load matching conditions instead of the operating condition derived for maximum generator efficiency. Here we explain why the electrical load matching claim for maximum power in a design optimization is flawed and show that the load condition derived for maximum efficiency always produces...

Although important improvements have been achieved in the comprehension of astrophysical jets, several questions remain open, including jet formation, propagation in an external medium and survival to potentially disruptive instabilities [1]. Jets produced in laboratory are scalable to astrophysical conditions. In particular, jets produced by conical wire arrays are especially suitable to study...

in trading electrical energy in deregulated power systems, violation of operation constraints such as transmission lines flow limits is possible. these conditions have been called “congestion”. one of the most important responsibility of independent system operator (iso) is congestion management in a manner that all the system equipments be operated in their nominal ranges. in this paper, usi...

The Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problems in power generation systems are to reduce the fuel cost by reducing the total cost for the generation of electric power. This paper presents an efficient Modified Firefly Algorithm (MFA), for solving ELD Problem. The main objective of the problems is to minimize the total fuel cost of the generating units having quadratic cost functions subjected to lim...

Ion energy distributions (IEDs) play an important role in material processes and thin film deposition. We developed a newly designed multistep pulsed power supply (modulator) for the asymmetric bipolar sputtering (ABPPS) technology studied effect of reverse bias voltage improving properties films through Ti Using ion analyzer, we confirmed IEDs relative intensity under modulator at substrate po...

This study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with its impact on fossil fuel generators and their generation management. Wind power as environmental friendly energy source can reduce the operational cost of the system due to considering no cost for energizing the generator in comparing with fossil fuel generators. However due to unpredictable nature...

The high-power generation capability of pulsed mode Silicon Double Drift Region (DDR) IMPATT devices has been studied by using generalized simulation software developed by the authors. The software is based on drift-diffusion modeling scheme, incorporating thermal design. After optimization of the device design, it is observed that a maximum efficiency of 9% with an output power of 15W can be a...

We present a difference frequency generator (DFG) based on 2-mm-long MgO-doped aperiodically-poled lithium-niobate (APPLN) crystal with linearly-varying poling-period. The DFG was pumped by femtosecond fiber-laser system repetition-rate of 53.4 MHz. It produced broadband mid-infrared light source having an instantaneous-bandwidth covering 1.9–4.6 μm, average power 30 mW. Moreover, numerical sim...