In this paper we review the present status of observations of the Big Bang elements D, 3He, 4He and 7Li and of their extrapolation to the primordial values. It is shown that, within the errors, the abundances are consistent with the predictions of the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis for 1 ≤ η10 ≤ 6, which corresponds to 0.004 ≤ Ωbh 2 0 ≤ 0.02. Narrower consistencies in η10 are still possible ...

The role of neutrinos in big bang nucleosynthesis is discussed. The bounds on the number of neutrino families, neutrino degeneracy, parameters of neutrino oscillations are presented. A model of chemically inhomogeneous, while energetically smooth, universe created by inhomogeneous cosmological neutrino asymmetry is described. Nucleosynthesis limits on production of right-handed neutrinos are co...

By the early 1970s, more than thirty years ago, scientific “consensus” was reached that the Big Bang was indeed the way it all must have happened. New theoretical ideas came along to support the details: inflation, to quickly move the explosion away from a singularity; baryogenesis, to initially make all the matter from the hot soup; string theory, to explain some of these details; and early fl...

The “Axis of Evil” and related controversy surrounding the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has focused on the quadrupole and octopole and their rotations. This paper shows how, from the perspective of Vedic Physics, scientists have misinterpreted data on the quadrupole and this had led to the controversy surrounding the CMB, which, by the way, is actually the e logarithm of 2.718...the state ...

The standard Big Bang cosmology predicts the existence of an, as yet undetected, relic neutrino background, similar to the photons observed in the cosmic microwave background. If neutrinos have mass, then such relic neutrinos are a natural candidate for the dark matter of the universe, and indeed were the first particles to be proposed for this role. This possibility has however been increasing...

A successor to the standard hot big-bang cosmology is emerging. It greatly extends the highly successful hot big-bang model. A key element of the New Standard Cosmology is dark energy, the causative agent for accelerated expansion. Dark energy is just possibly the most important problem in all of physics. The only laboratory up to the task of studying dark energy is the Universe itself.

A significant challenge to nuclear astrophysics is the cosmological lithium problem, where models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis indicate abundances of Li two to four times larger than what is inferred via spectroscopic measurements of metal-poor stars. Recent experimental techniques developed for nuclear reaction studies at energies near the fusion barrier, if extended to reactions of astrophysic...

We review the Cosmology and Physics underlying Primordial Nucleosynthesis and survey current observational data in order to compare the predictions of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with the inferred primordial abundances. From this comparison we report on the status of the consistency of the standard hot big bang model, we constrain the universal density of baryons (nucleons), and we set limits to t...

The expansion of the universe may be the most important fact we have ever discovered about our origins. You would not be reading this article if the universe had not expanded. Human beings would not exist. Cold molecular things such as life-forms and terrestrial planets could not have come into existence unless the universe, starting from a hot big bang, had expanded and cooled. The formation o...

A new evaluation of the constraint on the number of light neutrino species (N) from big bang nucleosynthesis suggests a discrepancy between the predicted light element abundances and those inferred from observations, unless the inferred primordial 4 He abundance has been underestimated by 0.014 0.004 (1) or less than 10% (95%C.L.) of 3 He survives stellar processing. With the quoted systematic ...