Abstract Liquid crystalline network (LCN) actuator normally deforms upon thermally or optically induced order-disorder phase transition, switching once between two shapes (shape 1 in LC and shape 2 isotropic state) for each stimulation on/off cycle. Herein, we report an LCN that from to then reverses the deformation direction form 3 on heating under light only, thus completing switch twice one ...

G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential of many neurons, including dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). VTA DA neurons are bistable, firing in two modes: one characterized by bursts of action potentials, the other by tonic firing at a lower frequency. Here we provide evidence that these firing modes drive...

The Borrelia burgdorferi chromosome is linear, with telomeres characterized by terminal inverted repeats and covalently closed single-stranded hairpin loops. The replication mechanism of these unusual molecules is unknown. Previous analyses of bacterial chromosomes for which the complete sequence has been determined, including that of B. burgdorferi, revealed an abrupt switch in polarity of CG ...

The periodic trimming of the long hairs growing at the distal end of the tail -switch trimming- is humane alternative of tail docking. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of switch trimming on somatic cell count (SCC), California mastitis test (CMT) and udder cleanliness of lactating cows in a free-stall dairy farm. In the present study, 219 healthy, pregnant Holstein cows ...

Conventional modulation strategies for matrix converters based on trigonometric transformations and space vector techniques have their voltage transfer capability limited at about 0.866 p.u. This leads to a derating of motor capability by 25% in the realization of variable frequency drives using off-the-shelf line-fed motors, or requires custom designed motors for operation at reduced voltage. ...

The study of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) replication has been impaired because of the lack of a cell culture system that stably maintains viral replication. Recently, cervical epithelial cell populations that stably maintain HPV-16 replicons at a copy number of approximately 1,000 per cell were derived from an HPV-16-infected patient (W12 cell clone 20863 [W12-E cells]). We used neutr...

Bidirectional typing combines two modes of typing: type checking, which checks that a program satisfies known type, and synthesis, determines from the program. Using checking enables bidirectional to support features for inference is undecidable; using synthesis avoid large annotation burden explicitly typed languages. In addition, improves error locality. We highlight design principles underli...

Synaptic soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) couple their stepwise folding to fusion of synaptic vesicles with plasma membranes. In this process, three SNAREs assemble into a stable four-helix bundle. Arguably, the first and rate-limiting step of SNARE assembly is the formation of an activated binary target (t)-SNARE complex on the target plasma membr...