Sub-optical-cycle dynamics of dense electron bunches in relativistic-intensity laser–solid interactions lead to the emission high-order harmonics and attosecond light pulses. The capacity particle-in-cell simulations accurately model these is essential for prediction properties because pulse intensity depends on density distribution at time temporal individual Lorentz-factors an emitting bunch....

As the beam currents at the SLC are increased, transverse aperture restrictions in the ring-to-linac transport line (RTL) become increasingly important. The RTL contains a bunch compressor which introduces a large energy variation across the bunch and hence a larger transverse beam size. Since 1994 the compressor amplitude has been operating at higher than design voltage. While advantangeous fo...

An optical bunch-by-bunch beam diagnostic system, which can detect oscillations of individual bunches in a multi­ bunch operation, has been developed. The system is com­ posed of a high-speed light shutter and an optical beam­ oscillation detector. The shutter that consists of a pockels cell and polarizers can be opened or closed in a bunch spac­ ing time (2ns in KEK-PF) and it can select a lig...

In the context of climate change, where high temperatures are frequent in first phases ripening, protecting grapevine bunches from solar radiation is essential for preserving berry composition and wine colour. The effects bunch-zone late defoliations (DEFs) “semi-ballerina” shoot positioning (SB) on vine physiology grape quality organic cv. Sangiovese wines during storage were assessed two cont...

As a result of the synchrotron radiation from a positivelycharged beam, an electron cloud is expected to develop in the vacuum chamber from the combined effects of the photoelectric and secondary emission processes [1–3]. We provide here a first estimate of the electron-cloud effect on individual particles of the beam. We focus on the spacecharge tune spread, the distortion of the beta function...

Canopy shading is a widely used viticultural strategy for mitigating early grape berry ripening caused by global warming. In this study, we covered half of the canopy with black shade cloth from pea-size stage to harvest. fruit zone, treatment (ST) reduced daily average solar radiation about 74.6 % compared untreated control (UC), and significantly temperature. ST leaves were found have lower n...

A low energy electron beam can be used to characterize the high energy ultra-relativistic bunches. This technique allows one to obtain the bunch transverse profiles as well as the bunch length within a non-destructive single shot measurement. In this paper the bunch length measurement technique based on the interaction of the low energy electron beam with an ultra-relativistic bunch is describe...

A theory of transition free-electron laser ~FEL! driven by an electron bunch of finite longitudinal length is presented. It is shown that one can introduce concepts of a long, a short, and a very short bunch depending on the degree of correlation between the bunch effective length and the transition radiation formation length. It is obtained that a long Gaussian bunch produces an electromagneti...

The main source of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the wine food chain is the infection of grapes by "black aspergilli" in the field. OTA-producing black aspergilli include principally Aspergillus carbonarius, followed by A. niger and possibly A. tubingensis. They are opportunistic fungi that develop particularly on damaged berries at ripening, although they may occur and form OTA on grapes from veraison...