The seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns retrofitted using the steel plate sandwich method bonded with prestressed PC bars was compared in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Therefore, bending strength, initial horizontal rigidity, cumulative energy absorption improved.

Flexural and torsional rigidities of actin filaments are important factors in cell motility and muscle contraction, where actin filaments serve as mechanical elements. The flexural rigidity has already been determined by directly observing the bending of individual filaments under a microscope, but measurement of the torsional rigidity has been relatively scarce and indirect, because torsion of...